In Situ Investigation of Upper Airway Occlusion in Sleep Disordered Breathing Using Ultrasonic Transducer Arrays

• Published in: Biosensors (Basel) Vol. 13; no. 1; p. 121
• Main Authors: Al-Abed, Mohammad, Watenpaugh, Donald, Behbehani, Khosrow
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 10.01.2023; MDPI
• Subjects: 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; Acoustics; Adult; Airway management; Apnea; Biological system modeling; Biomedical ultrasound; Body mass index; Body size; Chemistry; Fabrication; Feature extraction; Female; Humans; Hypotheses; Hypothesis testing; In vitro methods and tests; Instruments & Instrumentation; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Obstructive sleep apnea; Occlusion; Patients; Polysomnography; Radiation; Respiratory tract; Sleep apnea; Sleep Apnea Syndromes - diagnosis; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive - diagnosis; Sleep disorders; Statistical analysis; Systems design; Telemetry; Temporal variations; Transducers; Ultrasonic imaging; Ultrasonics; Ultrasound; Waveforms; biomedical ultrasound; obstructive sleep apnea; biological system modeling
• ISSN: 2079-6374; 2079-6374
• DOI: 10.3390/bios13010121

This work presents a novel application of ultrasound for the real-time, non-invasive investigation of occlusion of the upper airway during events of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. It is hypothesized that ultrasonic pulses applied to the neck during apneic events produce spectral and temporal features that can detect apnea occurrence. Theoretical models of ultrasound propagation and an in vitro test were conducted to test this hypothesis in both transmission and reflection modes. Complete specifications and technical details of the system design and fabrication, which is mounted on each subject’s neck, are presented, including the methodology. Nine patients (seven male and two female, mean age of 42 years, with a range of 25 to 56 years, and body mass index 37.6 ± 6.6 kg/m2) were recruited for a full night study, which included simultaneous nocturnal polysomnography for the validation of the results. Nine temporal features and four spectral features were extracted from the envelope of the received pulse waveform. These were used to compute 26 metrics to quantify the changes in the ultrasonic waveforms between normal breathing and apneic events. The statistical analysis of the collected ultrasonic data showed that at least two or more of the proposed features could detect apneic events in all subjects. The findings establish the feasibility of the proposed method as a cost-effective and non-invasive OSAHS screening tool.