The Absence of FAIM Leads to a Delay in Dark Adaptation and Hampers Arrestin-1 Translocation upon Light Reception in the Retina

• Published in: Cells (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 12; no. 3; p. 487
• Main Authors: Sirés, Anna, Pazo-González, Mateo, López-Soriano, Joaquín, Méndez, Ana, de la Rosa, Enrique J, de la Villa, Pedro, Comella, Joan X, Hernández-Sánchez, Catalina, Solé, Montse
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.02.2023; MDPI
• Subjects: Adaptation; Alzheimer's disease; Animals; Apoptosis; Arrestin; Arrestin - metabolism; Arrestin-1; Central nervous system; Dark Adaptation; Degeneration; Development and progression; Digitization; Electrodes; FAIM; Gene expression; Genetic aspects; Health aspects; Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins; Isoforms; Laboratory animals; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Molecular modelling; Nervous system; Neurodegeneration; Ocular accommodation; Phenotypes; Photoreceptors; Photoresponse; Physiological aspects; Proteins; Retina; Retina - metabolism; Retinal diseases; Retinal ganglion cells; Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells - metabolism; rod photoreceptors; Software; Translocation (Genetics); Translocation, Genetic; ubiquitin; Ubiquitination; Vision, Ocular; Spain; United Kingdom > UK; France; United States > US; Arrestin-1; dark adaptation; retina; rod photoreceptors; knockout mouse model; ubiquitin; FAIM; light damage
• ISSN: 2073-4409; 2073-4409
• DOI: 10.3390/cells12030487

The short and long isoforms of FAIM (FAIM-S and FAIM-L) hold important functions in the central nervous system, and their expression levels are specifically enriched in the retina. We previously described that knockout (KO) mice present structural and molecular alterations in the retina compatible with a neurodegenerative phenotype. Here, we aimed to study KO retinal functions and molecular mechanisms leading to its alterations. Electroretinographic recordings showed that aged KO mice present functional loss of rod photoreceptor and ganglion cells. Additionally, we found a significant delay in dark adaptation from early adult ages. This functional deficit is exacerbated by luminic stress, which also caused histopathological alterations. Interestingly, KO mice present abnormal Arrestin-1 redistribution upon light reception, and we show that Arrestin-1 is ubiquitinated, a process that is abrogated by either FAIM-S or FAIM-L in vitro. Our results suggest that FAIM assists Arrestin-1 light-dependent translocation by a process that likely involves ubiquitination. In the absence of FAIM, this impairment could be the cause of dark adaptation delay and increased light sensitivity. Multiple retinal diseases are linked to deficits in photoresponse termination, and hence, investigating the role of FAIM could shed light onto the underlying mechanisms of their pathophysiology.