Subtype Distribution and Drug Resistance Patterns Among HIV-1 Strains Prevalent in Makassar, Indonesia

• Published in: AIDS research and human retroviruses Vol. 39; no. 3; p. 124
• Main Authors: Khairunisa, Siti Qamariyah, Megasari, Ni Luh Ayu, Ueda, Shuhei, Kotaki, Tomohiro, Hidayati, Afif Nurul, Nasronudin, Kameoka, Masanori
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.03.2023
• Subjects: Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics; Genotype; HIV Infections - drug therapy; HIV Infections - epidemiology; HIV-1 - genetics; Humans; Indonesia - epidemiology; Mutation; Phylogeny; Indonesia; Makassar; HIV drug resistance; CRF01_AE; HIV-1 subtype; Indonesia
• ISSN: 1931-8405
• DOI: 10.1089/AID.2022.0139

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is characterized by a large degree of genetic variability because of high rates of recombination and mutation, sizable population sizes, and rapid replication. Therefore, this study investigated HIV-1 subtype distribution and the appearance of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in viruses that are prevalent in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The HIV-1 , , and genes were amplified from 63 infected individuals and sequenced for a subtyping analysis. CRF01_AE was identified as the predominant HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF) in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Subtype B and recombinant viruses containing CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, and/or subtype B gene fragments were also detected. Several major DRMs against non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were found among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced subjects, whereas ART-naive subjects did not possess any transmitted drug resistance. The prevalence of DRMs was very high among ART-experienced subjects; therefore, further surveillance is required in this region.