Emerging molecular basis of hematogenous metastasis in gastric cancer
Lymphatic metastasis is commonly observed in gastric cancer(GC), but hematogenous metastasis is more likely responsible for the cancer-related mortality. Since Stephen Paget first introduced the "seed and soil hypothesis" a century ago, growing evidence recognizes that numerous ess...
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Published in | World journal of gastroenterology : WJG Vol. 22; no. 8; pp. 2434 - 2440 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
United States
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc
28.02.2016
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | Lymphatic metastasis is commonly observed in gastric cancer(GC), but hematogenous metastasis is more likely responsible for the cancer-related mortality. Since Stephen Paget first introduced the "seed and soil hypothesis" a century ago, growing evidence recognizes that numerous essential secreted factors and signaling pathway effectors participate in the pre-metastatic niche formation and distant organ metastasis. The cross-talk between GC cells and surrounding microenvironment may consist of a series of interrelated steps, including epithelial mesenchymal transition, intravasation into blood vessels, circulating tumor cell translocation, and secondary organ metastasis. Secreted factors including vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases and cancer-derived extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, are essential in formation of premetastatic niche. Circulating tumor cells and micro RNAs represent as ‘‘metastatic intermediates’ ’ between primary tumors and sites of dissemination. Many biomarkers have been identified as novel metastatic markers and prognostic effectors. In addition, molecular therapy has been designed to target biomarkers such as growth factors(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, VEGF) and chemokines, although they have not clearly proven to be effective in inhibiting GC metastasis in clinical trials. In this review, we will systematically discuss the emerging molecules and their microenvironment in hematogenous metastasis of GC, which may help us to find new therapeutic strategies in the future. |
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Bibliography: | Jing Zhong;Yan Chen;Liang-Jing Wang;Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 Correspondence to: Dr. Liang-Jing Wang, Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China. wanglj76@hotmail.com Author contributions: Zhong J and Chen Y contributed to the literature searching and the writing of the manuscript; Wang LJ contributed to the original idea, polishing and final proof of the manuscript. Telephone: +86-571-87783715 Fax: +86-571-86006788 |
ISSN: | 1007-9327 2219-2840 |
DOI: | 10.3748/wjg.v22.i8.2434 |