Altered Autonomic Functions and Gut Microbiome in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Implications for Assisting ASD Screening and Diagnosis

• Published in: Journal of autism and developmental disorders Vol. 51; no. 1; pp. 144 - 157
• Main Authors: Kong, Xuejun, Liu, Jun, Liu, Kevin, Koh, Madelyn, Tian, Ruiyi, Hobbie, Clara, Fong, Michelle, Chen, Qiuyi, Zhao, Minxuan, Budjan, Christoph, Kong, Jian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01.01.2021; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis; Anatomy; Autism; Autism Spectrum Disorder - diagnosis; Autism Spectrum Disorder - physiopathology; Autism Spectrum Disorder - psychology; Autism Spectrum Disorders; Autonomic nervous system; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases - diagnosis; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases - physiopathology; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases - psychology; Behavioral Science and Psychology; Biological markers; Brain; Brain - physiopathology; Central nervous system; Child; Child and School Psychology; Clinical Diagnosis; Clinical standards; Comorbidity; Developmental disabilities; Diagnosis; Diagnostic tests; Digestive system; Enteric nervous system; Female; Gastrointestinal diseases; Gastrointestinal Diseases - diagnosis; Gastrointestinal Diseases - physiopathology; Gastrointestinal Diseases - psychology; Gastrointestinal Microbiome - physiology; Gastrointestinal tract; Gut microbiota; Gut-brain axis; Human Body; Humans; Immune system; Intestinal microflora; Male; Mass Screening - methods; Measurement; Medical diagnosis; Medical examination; Medical screening; Microbiomes; Microbiota; Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms); Mucosal immunity; Nervous system; Nervous system, Autonomic; Neurological Impairments; Neurological Organization; Neurosciences; Non-invasive; Original Paper; Pediatrics; Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Physiological aspects; Physiology; Prediction; Psychological assessment; Psychological Testing; Psychological Tests; Psychology; Public Health; Research subjects; Screening Tests; Vagus nerve; Young Adult; United States; Autonomic dysfunction; Autism spectrum disorders (ASD); Biomarker; Gut-brain-axis; Gut microbiome
• ISSN: 0162-3257; 1573-3432; 1573-3432
• DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04524-1

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurological and developmental disorder, and a growing body of literature suggests the presence of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction in individuals with ASD. ANS is part of the “gut brain axis”, which consists of an intricate interplay between the gut microbiome, mucosal immune system, enteric nervous system, ANS, and central processes receiving input from the vagus nerve. Measurements of the gut microbiome and the autonomic indices can serve as non-invasive markers of the status of the gut-brain axis in ASD. To our knowledge, no previous studies have explored the relationship between ANS and gut microbiome in individuals with ASD. Furthermore, while previous studies investigated the use of autonomic indices and gut microbiome independently as markers of ASD-related comorbidities, such as anxiety, cardiovascular issues, and gastrointestinal dysfunction, the use of combined autonomic indices and gut microbiome factors to classify ASD and control subjects has not been explored. In this study, we characterized autonomic function of a group of individuals with ASD in comparison to their paired, first-degree relative controls. Second, we explored the ASD gut-brain-axis through the relationship between gut microbiome markers and autonomic indices, as well as the correlation between the gut-brain-axis and clinical presentation of ASD. Lastly, this study explores the predictive capability of gut-brain-axis biomarkers (including autonomic and microbiome indices) in subtyping ASD cases, serving as a starting point to investigate the possibility of assisting in ASD screening and diagnosis that still heavily relies on psychological testing, which may be based on highly subjective standards.