Residual Proviral Reservoirs: A High Risk for HIV Persistence and Driving Forces for Viral Rebound after Analytical Treatment Interruption

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically suppressed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and become undetectable viremia. However, a small number of residual replication-competent HIV proviruses can still persist in a latent state even with lifelong ART, fueling viral rebound in HIV-i...

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Published inViruses Vol. 13; no. 2; p. 335
Main Authors Wang, Xiaolei, Xu, Huanbin
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 21.02.2021
MDPI
Subjects
Animals
Anti-Retroviral Agents - therapeutic use
antiretroviral agents
Antiretroviral drugs
Antiretroviral therapy
Bone marrow
Cell division
cell-associated viral reservoir
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
DNA, Viral - genetics
DNA, Viral - metabolism
Genomes
HIV
HIV infections
HIV Infections - drug therapy
HIV Infections - virology
HIV-1 - genetics
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Immunology
Infections
Lymphatic system
Lymphocytes
patients
proviral reservoir
Proviruses
Proviruses - genetics
Proviruses - physiology
Remission
Replication
Review
risk
SIV
therapeutics
vaccines
Viral Load
Viremia
Virus Latency
Viruses
SIV
cell-associated viral reservoir
proviral reservoir
HIV
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Summary:Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically suppressed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and become undetectable viremia. However, a small number of residual replication-competent HIV proviruses can still persist in a latent state even with lifelong ART, fueling viral rebound in HIV-infected patient subjects after treatment interruption. Therefore, the proviral reservoirs distributed in tissues in the body represent a major obstacle to a cure for HIV infection. Given unavailable HIV vaccine and a failure to eradicate HIV proviral reservoirs by current treatment, it is crucial to develop new therapeutic strategies to eliminate proviral reservoirs for ART-free HIV remission (functional cure), including a sterilizing cure (eradication of HIV reservoirs). This review highlights recent advances in the establishment and persistence of HIV proviral reservoirs, their detection, and potential eradication strategies.
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ISSN:1999-4915
1999-4915
DOI:10.3390/v13020335