Unmetabolized folic acid in serum: acute studies in subjects consuming fortified food and supplements

• Published in: The American journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 65; no. 6; pp. 1790 - 1795
• Main Authors: Kelly, P, McPartlin, J, Goggins, M, Weir, DG, Scott, JM
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bethesda, MD Elsevier Inc 01.06.1997; American Society for Clinical Nutrition; American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging - blood; Aging - physiology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Bread - analysis; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Diet; Dietary supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edible Grain - chemistry; Enzymes. Coenzymes. Vitamins. Pigments; Female; Folic Acid - analysis; Folic Acid - blood; Folic Acid - pharmacology; Food; Food, Fortified; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Humans; Incidence; Isotonic Solutions - chemistry; Male; Metabolisms and neurohumoral controls; Middle Aged; Milk - chemistry; Neural Tube Defects - epidemiology; Neural Tube Defects - prevention & control; Nutrition; Sodium Chloride - chemistry; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; United States; Human; Absorption; Neural tube; Food intake; Toxicity; Vitamin; Oral administration; Supplemented diet; Metabolism; Folic acid; Folate; Feeding
• ISSN: 0002-9165; 1938-3207
• DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.6.1790

Periconceptual consumption of folic acid has been shown to decrease the incidence of neural tube defects. The strategy of universal fortification of staple foodstuffs with folic acid presents the possibility of life-long exposure to unmetabolized folic acid. Chief among the risks of exposure to folic acid in the circulation is that of masking the diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency in pernicious anemia and the progression of neurologic disease. Other effects are unknown. For instance, the effect of in vivo chronic exposure of adult and fetal cells to the synthetic form of the vitamin has never been investigated at the population level. This study examined the acute appearance of unmetabolized folic acid in serum in response to the consumption of some fortified foodstuffs by young and elderly volunteers. Subjects on a 5-d regimen of fortified ready-to-eat-cereal and bread in addition to their normal diet had a threshold intake of 266 micrograms folic acid per meal at which unaltered folic acid appeared in the serum. Subjects given folic acid in either isotonic saline, milk, or white bread also had a threshold > 200 micrograms. From patterns of food consumption in the United States, the implementation of flour fortification at 1.4 mg/kg is unlikely to lead to folic acid appearance in serum, assuming that consumption is spread throughout the day. Increasing this level of fortification, however, as has been advocated by some agencies, may result in the repeated appearance of folic acid in serum over many years, particularly in consumers in nontargeted populations of large amounts of fortified foods. The "safe level of intake" of 1 mg folate/d set by the US Food and Drug Administration may cause a serum folic acid effect. Furthermore, a repeated serum folic acid response is likely to be found in many women complying with the advice to take 400 micrograms folic acid/d to prevent the occurrence of neural tube defects.