Clinical Impact of Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

• Published in: Antibiotics (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 3; p. 557
• Main Authors: Linz, Matthew S, Mattappallil, Arun, Finkel, Diana, Parker, Dane
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 11.03.2023; MDPI
• Subjects: Abscesses; Antibiotic resistance; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial agents; antimicrobial resistance; bacterial pathogenesis; Cell walls; Cellulitis; Cephalosporins; clinical presentation; Complications; Cost estimates; Dendritic cells; Diabetes; Drug resistance; E coli; Epidemics; Fasciitis; Fatalities; Health risks; Hospital costs; Hospitalization; Immune response; Immune system; Infections; Keratinocytes; Kidney diseases; Leukocytes (neutrophilic); Lymphocytes; Lymphocytes T; Methicillin; Mortality; Necrotizing fasciitis; Oxacillin; Pathogens; Penicillin; Pneumonia; Proteins; Public health; Review; Risk factors; Skin; skin-and-soft-tissue infections; Soft tissues; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus infections; Systematic review; treatment; Vancomycin; Virulence factors; Australia; United States > US; Staphylococcus aureus; epidemiology; treatment; clinical presentation; antimicrobial resistance; bacterial pathogenesis; antibiotics; skin-and-soft-tissue infections
• ISSN: 2079-6382; 2079-6382
• DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030557

The pathogenic bacterium is the most common pathogen isolated in skin-and-soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) in the United States. Most SSTIs are caused by the epidemic clone USA300 in the USA. These infections can be serious; in 2019, SSTIs with were associated with an all-cause, age-standardized mortality rate of 0.5 globally. Clinical presentations of SSTIs vary from superficial infections with local symptoms to monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis, which can cause systemic manifestations and may lead to serious complications or death. In order to cause skin infections, employs a host of virulence factors including cytolytic proteins, superantigenic factors, cell wall-anchored proteins, and molecules used for immune evasion. The immune response to SSTIs involves initial responders such as keratinocytes and neutrophils, which are supported by dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes later during infection. Treatment for SSTIs is usually oral therapy, with parenteral therapy reserved for severe presentations; it ranges from cephalosporins and penicillin agents such as oxacillin, which is generally used for methicillin-sensitive (MSSA), to vancomycin for methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Treatment challenges include adverse effects, risk for infection, and potential for antibiotic resistance.