Investigating the two-way relationship between mobility flows and COVID-19 cases

• Published in: Economic modelling Vol. 118; p. 106083
• Main Author: Boto-García, David
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier B.V 01.01.2023; The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V
• Subjects: COVID-19; Infectious cases; Mobility flows; Smartphone location; COVID-19; I18; C33; Mobility flows; I10; Infectious cases; Smartphone location
• ISSN: 0264-9993; 1873-6122; 0264-9993
• DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2022.106083

Following a pandemic disease outbreak, people travel to areas with low infection risk, but at the same time the epidemiological situation worsens as mobility flows to those areas increase. These feedback effects from epidemiological conditions to inflows and from inflows to subsequent infections are underexplored to date. This study investigates the two-way relationship between mobility flows and COVID-19 cases in a context of unrestricted mobility without COVID-19 vaccines. To this end, we merge data on COVID-19 cases in Spain during the summer of 2020 at the province level with mobility records based on mobile position tracking. Using a control function approach, we find that a 1% increase in arrivals translates into a 3.5% increase in cases in the following week and 5.6% ten days later. A simulation exercise shows the cases would have dropped by around 64% if the Second State of Alarm had been implemented earlier. •The two-way relationship between arrivals and COVID-19 cases is examined.•A one percent increase in arrivals translates into 3.5% increase in COVID-19 cases the following week.•Province arrivals also react to the accumulated incidence in the province.•Voluntary reductions in arrivals through increased exposure risk help to partially control the virus outbreak.•Early mobility restrictions on provinces with severe outbreaks would have been effective at containing the virus spread.