Reactivation of Hepatitis B With Reappearance of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen After Chemotherapy and Immunosuppression

• Published in: Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology Vol. 7; no. 10; pp. 1130 - 1137
• Main Authors: Palmore, Tara N., Shah, Neeral L., Loomba, Rohit, Borg, Brian B., Lopatin, Uri, Feld, Jordan J., Khokhar, Farooq, Lutchman, Glen, Kleiner, David E., Young, Neal S., Childs, Richard, Barrett, A. John, Liang, T. Jake, Hoofnagle, Jay H., Heller, Theo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.10.2009
• Subjects: Adult; Anti-HIV Agents - adverse effects; Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use; Female; Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Hepatitis B - chemically induced; Hepatitis B Antibodies - blood; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - blood; HIV Infections - complications; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents - adverse effects; Immunosuppressive Agents - therapeutic use; Male; Middle Aged; Stem Cell Transplantation - adverse effects; Virus Activation - drug effects; anti-HBc; anti-HBs; GVHD; CML; HIV; ALP; antibody to hepatitis B core antigen; human immunodeficiency virus; chronic myelogenous leukemia; alkaline phosphatase; antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen; graft-versus-host disease
• ISSN: 1542-3565; 1542-7714; 1542-7714
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.06.027

HBV infection may reactivate in the setting of immunosuppression, although the frequency and consequences of HBV reactivation are not well known. We report 6 patients who experienced loss of serologic markers of hepatitis B immunity and reappearance of HBsAg in the serum as a result of a variety of acquired immune deficiencies. Between 2000 and 2005, six patients with reactivation of hepatitis B were seen in consultation by the Liver Diseases Branch at the Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health. The course and outcome of these 6 patients were reviewed. All 6 patients developed reappearance of HBsAg and evidence of active liver disease after stem cell transplantation (n = 4), immunosuppressive therapy (n = 1), or change in human immunodeficiency virus antiretroviral regimen (n = 1), despite having antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) or antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) without HBsAg before. All 6 patients developed chronic hepatitis B, 2 patients transmitted hepatitis B to their spouses, and 1 patient developed cirrhosis. The diagnosis of hepatitis B reactivation was frequently missed or delayed and often required interruption of the therapy for the underlying condition. None of the patients received antiviral prophylaxis against HBV reactivation. Serologic evidence of recovery from hepatitis B infection does not preclude its reactivation after immunosuppression. Screening for serologic evidence of hepatitis B and prophylaxis of those with positive results by using nucleoside analogue antiviral therapy should be provided to individuals in whom immunosuppressive therapy is planned.