Occurrence and potential risk of triclosan in freshwaters of São Paulo, Brazil—the need for regulatory actions

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 21; no. 3; pp. 1850 - 1858
• Main Authors: Montagner, Cassiana C, Jardim, Wilson F, Von der Ohe, Peter C, Umbuzeiro, Gisela A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 01.02.2014; Springer Berlin Heidelberg; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Algae; Anti-Infective Agents, Local - analysis; Antimicrobial agents; Aquatic animals; Aquatic environment; Aquatic life; Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Biota; Brazil; Caffeine; Cellulose acetate; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Effluents; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental protection; Fresh Water - chemistry; Laboratories; Local population; Research Article; risk; Rivers; Sanitation; Sewage; Sewage disposal; Studies; Surface water; Toxicity; Triclosan; Triclosan - analysis; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water pollution; Water Pollution Control; Brazil; Protection of aquatic life; Emerging compounds; Triclosan; Surface waters; SPE-LC-MS/MS; Caffeine
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2063-5

Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum bactericide, highly toxic to algae, which is released into the environment via wastewater effluents. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for aquatic biota have been proposed in the literature, varying from 1.4 to 1,550 ng/L, reflecting contradicting protection goals. In this work, six rivers in the state of São Paulo were monitored for TCS and caffeine, a tracer for untreated sewage disposal, over a period of more than 1 year. From 71 samples analyzed, 32 contained TCS at concentrations above the limit of quantification, ranging from 2.2 to 66 ng/L, corresponding to a frequency of exceedance of the lowest PNEC of 86 % (six out of seven sites). No correlation between TCS and caffeine was observed, and one of the reasons for that could be the different use patterns in the local populations. Given the high values found in the investigated rivers, TCS seems to be a strong candidate in the priority list of compounds that should be regulated in Brazil to preserve the aquatic environment.