Respiratory Monitoring with Textile Inductive Electrodes in Driving Applications: Effect of Electrode’s Positioning and Form Factor on Signal Quality

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 25; no. 7; p. 2035
• Main Authors: Duverger, James Elber, Bellemin, Victor, Renaud Dumoulin, Geordi-Gabriel, Forcier, Patricia, Decaens, Justine, Gagnon, Ghyslain, Saidi, Alireza
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 25.03.2025; MDPI
• Subjects: Adult; automobile; Automobile Driving; automotive application; BCG; BCG vaccines; breathing sensor; Comparative analysis; Design; driving application; Electrodes; Humans; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic - instrumentation; Monitoring, Physiologic - methods; Morphology; Quality management; Radiation; Respiration; respiratory monitoring; Seat belts; Sensors; Signal processing; Skin; Strain gauges; textile inductive electrode; Textiles; Thermography; Canada; United States > US; automobile; respiratory signal; inductive sensing; driver health status; signal quality index; breathing sensor; respiratory monitoring; automotive application; driving application; textile inductive electrode
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s25072035

This paper provides insights into where and how to integrate textile inductive electrodes into a car to record optimal-quality respiratory signals. Electrodes of various shapes and sizes were integrated into the seat belt and the seat back of a driving simulator car seat. The electrodes covered various parts of the body: upper back, middle back, lower back, chest, and waist. Three subjects completed driving circuits with their breathing signals being recorded. In general, signal quality while driving versus sitting still was similar, compared to a previous study of ours with no body movements. In terms of positioning, electrodes on seat belt provided better signal quality compared to seat back. Signal quality was directly proportional to electrode’s height on the back, with upper back outperforming both middle and lower back. Electrodes on the waist provided either similar or superior signal quality compared to electrodes on the chest. In terms of form factor, rectangular shape outperformed circular shape on seat back. Signal quality is proportional to the size of circular electrodes on seat back, and inversely proportional to size of rectangular electrode on seat belt.