How does spreading depression spread? Physiology and modeling

Spreading depression (SD) is a wave phenomenon in gray matter tissue. Locally, it is characterized by massive redistribution of ions across cell membranes. As a consequence, there is sustained membrane depolarization and tissue polarization that depress any normal electrical activity. Despite these...

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Published inReviews in the neurosciences Vol. 26; no. 2; pp. 183 - 198
Main Authors Zandt, Bas-Jan, ten Haken, Bennie, van Putten, Michel J.A.M., Dahlem, Markus A.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Germany De Gruyter 01.04.2015
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Subjects
Animals
Brain - metabolism
Brain - physiology
Cortical Spreading Depression
dynamics
Electroencephalography
excitable medium
Headaches
Homeostasis
Humans
Hypotheses
Ion Transport
Ischemia
migraine
Models, Neurological
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Physiology
potassium
Propagation
reaction-diffusion
Rodents
Synaptic Transmission
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Summary:Spreading depression (SD) is a wave phenomenon in gray matter tissue. Locally, it is characterized by massive redistribution of ions across cell membranes. As a consequence, there is sustained membrane depolarization and tissue polarization that depress any normal electrical activity. Despite these dramatic events, SD remains difficult to observe in humans noninvasively, which, for long, has slowed advances in this field. The growing appreciation of its clinical importance in migraine and stroke is therefore consistent with an increasing need for computational methods that tackle the complexity of the problem at multiple levels. In this review, we focus on mathematical tools to investigate the question of spread and its two complementary aspects: What are the physiological mechanisms and what is the spatial extent of SD in the cortex? This review discusses two types of models used to study these two questions, namely, Hodgkin-Huxley type and generic activator-inhibitor models, and the recent advances in techniques to link them.
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ISSN:0334-1763
2191-0200
DOI:10.1515/revneuro-2014-0069