The Design of a CMOS Nanoelectrode Array With 4096 Current-Clamp/Voltage-Clamp Amplifiers for Intracellular Recording/Stimulation of Mammalian Neurons

• Published in: IEEE journal of solid-state circuits Vol. 55; no. 9; pp. 2567 - 2582
• Main Authors: Abbott, Jeffrey, Ye, Tianyang, Krenek, Keith, Qin, Ling, Kim, Youbin, Wu, Wenxuan, Gertner, Rona S., Park, Hongkun, Ham, Donhee
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01.09.2020; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Arrays; Capacitors; Circuit design; Circuits; Clamps; CMOS; Critical components; Current clamp; Electric potential; extracellular recording; Integrated circuits; integrated circuits (ICs); intracellular recording; Ion channels; Mammals; microelectrode array (MEA); Microelectrodes; nanobiointerface; nanoelectrode array; neurobiology; Neurons; Noise; Operational amplifiers; Parallel processing; Pixels; Platinum; Platinum black; Recording; Sensitivity; Signal to noise ratio; Stimulation; switched capacitor; Voltage; voltage clamp; extracellular recording; intracellular recording; microelectrode array; nanoelectrode array; voltage clamp; nano-bio interface; switched capacitor; integrated circuits; current clamp; neurobiology; neurons
• ISSN: 0018-9200; 1558-173X
• DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2020.3005816

CMOS microelectrode arrays (MEAs) can record electrophysiological activities of a large number of neurons in parallel but only extracellularly with a low signal-to-noise ratio. Patch-clamp electrodes can perform intracellular recording with a high signal-to-noise ratio but only from a few neurons in parallel. Recently, we have developed and reported a neuroelectronic interface that combines the parallelism of the CMOS MEA and the intracellular sensitivity of the patch clamp. Here, we report the design and characterization of the CMOS integrated circuit (IC), a critical component of the neuroelectronic interface. Fabricated in 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> technology, the IC features an array of 4096 platinum black (PtB) nanoelectrodes spaced at a 20-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> pitch on its surface and contains 4096 active pixel circuits. Each active pixel circuit, consisting of a new switched-capacitor current injector--capable of injecting from ±15 pA to ±0.7 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{A} </tex-math></inline-formula> with a 5-pA resolution--and an operational amplifier, is highly configurable. When configured into the current-clamp mode, the pixel intracellularly records membrane potentials, including subthreshold activities with ~23-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{V}_{\mathrm {rms}} </tex-math></inline-formula> input-referred noise while injecting a current for simultaneous stimulation. When configured into the voltage-clamp mode, the pixel becomes a switched-capacitor transimpedance amplifier with ~1-pA rms input-referred noise and intracellularly records ion channel currents while applying a voltage for simultaneous stimulation. Such voltage-/current-clamp intracellular recording/stimulation is a feat only previously possible with the patch-clamp method. At the same time, as an array, the IC overcomes the lack of parallelism of the patch-clamp method, measuring thousands of mammalian neurons in parallel, with full-frame intracellular recording/stimulation at 9.4 kHz.