Genotype to phenotype, the molecular and physiological dimensions of resistance in arthropods

• Published in: Pesticide biochemistry and physiology Vol. 121; pp. 61 - 77
• Main Authors: Feyereisen, René, Dermauw, Wannes, Van Leeuwen, Thomas
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.06.2015; Elsevier
• Subjects: acaricides; Acaricides - pharmacology; Animals; Arthropods - drug effects; Arthropods - genetics; Arthropods - physiology; biopesticides; Drug Resistance - genetics; Drug Resistance - physiology; Environmental Sciences; Gene amplification; Gene disruption; gene dosage; Gene duplication; gene expression regulation; gene targeting; genetic resistance; Genotype; insecticide resistance; Insecticides - pharmacology; insects; Life Sciences; mites; Mutation; Phenotype; Point mutation; population genetics; proteins; resistance management; Selection; selection response; structural genes; ticks; Transposable element; Gene amplification; Gene duplication; Transposable element; Gene disruption; Selection; Point mutation
• ISSN: 0048-3575; 1095-9939
• DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.01.004

•The different classes of mutations associated with resistance are discussed.•A survey of mutations in each class is provided.•Point mutations in target sites are still abundantly described.•Gene duplications, amplifications and gene disruptions are increasingly important.•Mutations affecting gene regulation are frequent but difficult to describe with precision. The recent accumulation of molecular studies on mutations in insects, ticks and mites conferring resistance to insecticides, acaricides and biopesticides is reviewed. Resistance is traditionally classified by physiological and biochemical criteria, such as target-site insensitivity and metabolic resistance. However, mutations are discrete molecular changes that differ in their intrinsic frequency, effects on gene dosage and fitness consequences. These attributes in turn impact the population genetics of resistance and resistance management strategies, thus calling for a molecular genetic classification. Mutations in structural genes remain the most abundantly described, mostly in genes coding for target proteins. These provide the most compelling examples of parallel mutations in response to selection. Mutations causing upregulation and downregulation of genes, both in cis (in the gene itself) and in trans (in regulatory processes) remain difficult to characterize precisely. Gene duplications and gene disruption are increasingly reported. Gene disruption appears prevalent in the case of multiple, hetero-oligomeric or redundant targets.