The selfish brain: competition for energy resources

• Published in: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Vol. 28; no. 2; pp. 143 - 180
• Main Authors: Peters, A., Schweiger, U., Pellerin, L., Hubold, C., Oltmanns, K.M., Conrad, M., Schultes, B., Born, J., Fehm, H.L.
• Format: Book Review Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.04.2004; Elsevier
• Subjects: ACTH, adrenocorticotropin; Adaptation, Physiological; Adenosine Triphosphate - metabolism; AMPA, amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazol propionate; Animals; Anorexia nervosa; Anorexia Nervosa - metabolism; ARC, arcuate nucleus; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ATP-sensitive potassium channels; BBB, blood–brain barrier; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Biological and medical sciences; Blood-brain barrier; Brain; Brain - enzymology; Brain - physiopathology; CREB, cAMP responsive element binding; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; Diabetes Mellitus - metabolism; Energy Metabolism - physiology; Feedback, Physiological - physiology; Female; Food intake; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; GABA, γ-amino-butyric acid; Glucocorticoid receptors; Glucose; Glucose - metabolism; GR, glucocorticoid receptors; Homeostasis - physiology; Humans; Hypoglycemia unawareness; Intermediate and energetic metabolism; K ATP, ATP-sensitive potassium channels; LH, lateral hypothalamus; LHPA, limbic-hypothalamus-pituitary–adrenal; Limbic System - enzymology; Limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary–adrenal system; Long-term potentiation; LTD, long-term depression; LTP, long-term potentiation; Male; Malnutrition - metabolism; MC, melanocortin; Metabolisms and neurohumoral controls; Mineralocorticoid receptors; Models, Biological; MR, mineralocorticoid receptors; Na +/K +-ATPase, sodium potassium dependent adenosine triphosphatase; NMDA, N-methyl- d-aspartate; NPY, neuropeptide Y; Obesity; Obesity - metabolism; POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; Selfish brain theory; Sleep - physiology; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; Stress, Psychological - metabolism; Type 2 diabetes; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus; α-MSH, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; Type 2 diabetes; Brain; MC, melanocortin; ARC, arcuate nucleus; Na +/K +-ATPase, sodium potassium dependent adenosine triphosphatase; Glucose; NPY, neuropeptide Y; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; ACTH, adrenocorticotropin; Blood-brain barrier; Mineralocorticoid receptors; GABA, γ-amino-butyric acid; POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; GR, glucocorticoid receptors; Limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary–adrenal system; Obesity; Hypoglycemia unawareness; CREB, cAMP responsive element binding; Long-term potentiation; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; BBB, blood–brain barrier; LTD, long-term depression; Anorexia nervosa; Glucocorticoid receptors; LTP, long-term potentiation; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; MR, mineralocorticoid receptors; Selfish brain theory; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; AMPA, amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazol propionate; Food intake; K ATP, ATP-sensitive potassium channels; ATP-sensitive potassium channels; LH, lateral hypothalamus; α-MSH, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; NMDA, N-methyl- d-aspartate; LHPA, limbic-hypothalamus-pituitary–adrenal; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus; Endocrinopathy; Human; Vigilance; Diabetes mellitus; Memory; Central nervous system; Homeostasis; Review; Eating disorder; Hypoglycemia; Encephalon; Bulimia; Energy resources; Sleep; ATP; Formation
• ISSN: 0149-7634; 1873-7528
• DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.002

The brain occupies a special hierarchical position in the organism. It is separated from the general circulation by the blood-brain barrier, has high energy consumption and a low energy storage capacity, uses only specific substrates, and it can record information from the peripheral organs and control them. Here we present a new paradigm for the regulation of energy supply within the organism. The brain gives priority to regulating its own adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration. In that postulate, the peripheral energy supply is only of secondary importance. The brain has two possibilities to ensure its energy supply: allocation or intake of nutrients. The term ‘allocation’ refers to the allocation of energy resources between the brain and the periphery. Neocortex and the limbic-hypothalamus-pituitary–adrenal (LHPA) system control the allocation and intake. In order to keep the energy concentrations constant, the following mechanisms are available to the brain: (1) high and low-affinity ATP-sensitive potassium channels measure the ATP concentration in neurons of the neocortex and generate a ‘glutamate command’ signal. This signal affects the brain ATP concentration by locally (via astrocytes) stimulating glucose uptake across the blood-brain barrier and by systemically (via the LHPA system) inhibiting glucose uptake into the muscular and adipose tissue. (2) High-affinity mineralocorticoid and low-affinity glucocorticoid receptors determine the state of balance, i.e. the setpoint, of the LHPA system. This setpoint can permanently and pathologically be displaced by extreme stress situations (chronic metabolic and psychological stress, traumatization, etc.), by starvation, exercise, infectious diseases, hormones, drugs, substances of abuse, or chemicals disrupting the endocrine system. Disorders in the ‘energy on demand’ process or the LHPA-system can influence the allocation of energy and in so doing alter the body mass of the organism. In summary, the presented model includes a newly discovered ‘principle of balance’ of how pairs of high and low-affinity receptors can originate setpoints in biological systems. In this ‘Selfish Brain Theory’, the neocortex and limbic system play a central role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as anorexia nervosa and obesity.