A Single Dose of Marine Chlorella vulgaris Increases Plasma Concentrations of Lutein, β-Carotene and Zeaxanthin in Healthy Male Volunteers

• Published in: Antioxidants Vol. 10; no. 8; p. 1164
• Main Authors: Serra, Ana Teresa, Silva, Sandra D., Pleno de Gouveia, Luís, Alexandre, Agostinho M. R. C., Pereira, Carolina V., Pereira, Ana Barbara, Partidário, Ana Carvalho, Silva, Nuno Elvas, Bohn, Torsten, Gonçalves, Vanessa S. S., Real, Gonçalo, Escudero, Pedro, Fernández, Naiara, Matias, Ana A., Bronze, Maria Rosário
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 22.07.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Algae; Antioxidants; Aquatic microorganisms; Bioavailability; Carbohydrates; Carotenoids; Chlorella vulgaris; clinical trials; Communication; Dietary fiber; Dietary supplements; Docosahexaenoic acid; Fatty acids; green algae; High-performance liquid chromatography; human intervention; humans; Iodine; kinetic study; Linoleic acid; lutein; males; microalgae; Nutrient deficiency; plant bioactives; Plasma; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); Proteins; Trace elements (nutrients); Urine; vegetarian diet; xanthophylls; Zeaxanthin; β-Carotene; St Louis Missouri; Belgium; France; United States > US
• ISSN: 2076-3921; 2076-3921
• DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081164

The beneficial health effects of Chlorella vulgaris have been associated with the presence of several nutrients and antioxidants, including carotenoids. However, the in vivo bioavailability of Chlorella is still poorly evaluated. In this work, a human intervention study was conducted in 11 healthy men to evaluate the bioavailability of carotenoids within 3 days after the intake of a single dose (6 g) of dried marine Chlorella vulgaris containing lutein (7.08 mg), β-carotene (1.88 mg) and zeaxanthin (1.47 mg). Subjects were instructed to follow a low carotenoid diet during the experimental phase, starting 1 week earlier. On the day of the experiment, dried microalgae formulated in vegetarian hard capsules were ingested, and blood samples were collected up to 72 h for the analysis of plasma carotenoids concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. For all carotenoids, the estimated AUC and Cmax values were significantly different from zero (p < 0.05), indicating that a single dose of marine Chlorella vulgaris increased plasma concentrations of lutein (Cmin-corrected AUC = 1002 µg·h/L, Cmax = 20.4 µg/L), β-carotene (AUC = 1302 µg·h/L, Cmax = 34.9 µg/L) and zeaxanthin (AUC = 122.2 µg·h/L, Cmax = 3.4 µg/L). The bioavailability of other compounds, namely, polyunsaturated fatty acids and trace elements, was also assessed post-prandial for the first time, showing that linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and iodine were absorbed after microalgae intake. These findings support the use of Chlorella vulgaris as a source of carotenoids, PUFA and essential trace elements with associated health benefits.