Central Macular Thickness in Diabetic Patients: A Sex-based Analysis

• Published in: Optometry and vision science Vol. 96; no. 4; pp. 266 - 275
• Main Authors: Arthur, Edmund, Young, Stuart B, Elsner, Ann E, Baskaran, Karthikeyan, Papay, Joel A, Muller, Matthew S, Gast, Thomas J, Haggerty, Bryan P, Clark, Christopher A, Malinovsky, Victor E, Brahm, Shane G, Litvin, Taras V, Ozawa, Glen Y, Cuadros, Jorge A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Academy of Optometry 01.04.2019
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Retinopathy - diagnostic imaging; Diabetic Retinopathy - pathology; Female; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Macular Edema - diagnostic imaging; Macular Edema - pathology; Male; Middle Aged; Optometri; Optometry; Organ Size; Retina - pathology; Sex Factors; Tomography, Optical Coherence - methods
• ISSN: 1040-5488; 1538-9235; 1538-9235
• DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001363

SIGNIFICANCEThe pathological changes in clinically significant diabetic macular edema lead to greater retinal thickening in men than in women. Therefore, male sex should be considered a potential risk factor for identifying individuals with the most severe pathological changes. Understanding this excessive retinal thickening in men may help preserve vision. PURPOSEThe purpose of this study was to investigate the sex differences in retinal thickness in diabetic patients. We tested whether men with clinically significant macular edema had even greater central macular thickness than expected from sex differences without significant pathological changes. This study also aimed to determine which retinal layers contribute to abnormal retinal thickness. METHODSFrom 2047 underserved adult diabetic patients from Alameda County, CA, 142 patients with clinically significant macular edema were identified by EyePACS-certified graders using color fundus images (Canon CR6-45NM). First, central macular thickness from spectral domain optical coherence tomography (iVue; Optovue Inc.) was compared in 21 men versus 21 women without clinically significant macular edema. Then, a planned comparison contrasted the greater values of central macular thickness in men versus women with clinically significant macular edema as compared with those without. Mean retinal thickness and variability of central macular layers were compared in men versus women. RESULTSMen without clinically significant macular edema had a 12-μm greater central macular thickness than did women (245 ± 21.3 and 233 ± 13.4 μm, respectively; t40 = −2.18, P = .04). Men with clinically significant macular edema had a 67-μm greater central macular thickness than did women (383 ± 48.7 and 316 ± 60.4 μm, P < .001); that is, men had 55 μm or more than five times more (t20 = 2.35, P = .02). In men, the outer-nuclear-layer thickness was more variable, F10,10 = 9.34. CONCLUSIONSUnderserved diabetic men had thicker retinas than did women, exacerbated by clinically significant macular edema.