Bio-Membrane Internalization Mechanisms of Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Various Species

Recently, membrane-active peptides or proteins that include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), cytolytic proteins, and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have attracted attention due to their potential applications in the biomedical field. Among them, CPPs have been regarded as a potent drug/molecules del...

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Published inMembranes (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 88
Main Authors Liu, Betty Revon, Chiou, Shiow-Her, Huang, Yue-Wern, Lee, Han-Jung
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 13.01.2022
MDPI
Subjects
Amino acid sequence
Amino acids
Antiinfectives and antibacterials
Antimicrobial peptides
Arginine
cell-penetrating peptides
Communication
Cytotoxicity
direct membrane translocation
Drug delivery systems
Endocytosis
Internalization
Lipids
Membrane permeability
Membranes
Nanoparticles
Peptides
Plasma membranes
protein transduction
Proteins
Quantum dots
Translocation
endocytosis
protein transduction
cell-penetrating peptides
direct membrane translocation
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Summary:Recently, membrane-active peptides or proteins that include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), cytolytic proteins, and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have attracted attention due to their potential applications in the biomedical field. Among them, CPPs have been regarded as a potent drug/molecules delivery system. Various cargoes, such as DNAs, RNAs, bioactive proteins/peptides, nanoparticles and drugs, can be carried by CPPs and delivered into cells in either covalent or noncovalent manners. Here, we focused on four arginine-rich CPPs and reviewed the mechanisms that these CPPs used for intracellular uptake across cellular plasma membranes. The varying transduction efficiencies of them alone or with cargoes were discussed, and the membrane permeability was also expounded for CPP/cargoes delivery in various species. Direct membrane translocation (penetration) and endocytosis are two principal mechanisms for arginine-rich CPPs mediated cargo delivery. Furthermore, the amino acid sequence is the primary key factor that determines the cellular internalization mechanism. Importantly, the non-cytotoxic nature and the wide applicability make CPPs a trending tool for cellular delivery.
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ISSN:2077-0375
2077-0375
DOI:10.3390/membranes12010088