S100B Promotes Glioma Growth through Chemoattraction of Myeloid-Derived Macrophages

• Published in: Clinical cancer research Vol. 19; no. 14; pp. 3764 - 3775
• Main Authors: HUAQING WANG, LEYING ZHANG, WARDEN, Charles D, BADIE, Behnam, ZHANG, Ian Y, XUEBO CHEN, DA FONSECA, Anna, SHIHUA WU, HUI REN, BADIE, Sam, SADEGHI, Sam, MAO OUYANG
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Philadelphia, PA American Association for Cancer Research 15.07.2013
• Subjects: Animals; Antineoplastic agents; Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology; Biological and medical sciences; Brain Neoplasms - drug therapy; Brain Neoplasms - immunology; Brain Neoplasms - metabolism; Brain Neoplasms - pathology; Caprylates - pharmacology; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Chemokine CCL2 - metabolism; Chemotactic Factors - antagonists & inhibitors; Chemotactic Factors - metabolism; Chemotactic Factors - physiology; Chemotaxis; Enzyme Activation; Glioma - drug therapy; Glioma - immunology; Glioma - metabolism; Glioma - pathology; Humans; Macrophages - immunology; Macrophages - metabolism; Macrophages - physiology; Medical sciences; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Myeloid Cells - immunology; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neurology; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products - metabolism; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit - antagonists & inhibitors; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit - metabolism; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit - physiology; Tumor Burden; Tumors of the nervous system. Phacomatoses; Up-Regulation; Nervous system diseases; Glioma; Protein S 100B; Growth; Central nervous system disease; Tumor; Macrophage
• ISSN: 1078-0432; 1557-3265
• DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3725

S100B is member of a multigenic family of Ca(2+)-binding proteins, which is overexpressed by gliomas. Recently, we showed that low concentrations of S100B attenuated microglia activation through the induction of Stat3. We hypothesized that overexpression of S100B in gliomas could promote tumor growth by modulating the activity of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). We stably transfected GL261 glioma cell lines with constructs that overexpressed (S100B(high)) or underexpressed (S100B(low)) S100B and compared their growth characteristics to intracranial wild-type (S100B(wt)) tumors. Downregulation of S100B in gliomas had no impact on cell division in vitro but abrogated tumor growth in vivo. Interestingly, compared to S100B(low) tumors, S100B(wt) and S100B(high) intracranial gliomas exhibited higher infiltration of TAMs, stronger inflammatory cytokine expression, and increased vascularity. To identify the potential mechanisms involved, the expression of the S100B receptor, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), was evaluated in gliomas. Although S100B expression induced RAGE in vivo, RAGE ablation in mice did not significantly inhibit TAM infiltration into gliomas, suggesting that other pathways were involved in this process. To evaluate other mechanisms responsible for TAM chemoattraction, we then examined chemokine pathways and found that C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) was upregulated in S100B(high) tumors. Furthermore, analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas's glioma data bank showed a positive correlation between S100B and CCL2 expression in human proneural and neural glioma subtypes, supporting our finding. These observations suggest that S100B promotes glioma growth by TAM chemoattraction through upregulation of CCL2 and introduces the potential utility of S100B inhibitors for glioma therapy.