N-Halamine Biocidal Materials with Superior Antimicrobial Efficacies for Wound Dressings

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 22; no. 10; p. 1582
• Main Authors: Demir, Buket, Broughton, Roy M, Qiao, Mingyu, Huang, Tung-Shi, Worley, S D
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 21.09.2017; MDPI
• Subjects: Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Anti-Infective Agents - chemistry; Anti-Infective Agents - pharmacology; antibacterial materials; Antiinfectives and antibacterials; Antimicrobial activity; Antimicrobial agents; antimicrobial efficacies; Bacteria; Bandages - microbiology; Biocides; Biocompatibility; Chlorine; Chlorine compounds; Cosmetics; Environmental conditions; Functional groups; Humans; Inactivation; Irritation; Leaching; Medical dressings; medical wound dressings; N-halamine; Packaging; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas aeruginosa - drug effects; Shelf life; Silver; Skin; Skin tests; Stability tests; Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects; Ultrasonic testing; Wound Healing - drug effects; Wounds; antimicrobial efficacies; medical wound dressings; N-halamine; antibacterial materials
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101582

This work demonstrated the successful application of N-halamine technology for wound dressings rendered antimicrobial by facile and inexpensive processes. Four N-halamine compounds, which possess different functional groups and chemistry, were synthesized. The N-halamine compounds, which contained oxidative chlorine, the source of antimicrobial activity, were impregnated into or coated onto standard non-antimicrobial wound dressings. N-halamine-employed wound dressings inactivated about 6 to 7 logs of and bacteria in brief periods of contact time. Moreover, the N-halamine-modified wound dressings showed superior antimicrobial efficacies when compared to commercially available silver wound dressings. Zone of inhibition tests revealed that there was no significant leaching of the oxidative chlorine from the materials, and inactivation of bacteria occurred by direct contact. Shelf life stability tests showed that the dressings were stable to loss of oxidative chlorine when they were stored for 6 months in dark environmental conditions. They also remained stable under florescent lighting for up to 2 months of storage. They could be stored in opaque packaging to improve their shelf life stabilities. In vitro skin irritation testing was performed using a three-dimensional human reconstructed tissue model (EpiDerm™). No potential skin irritation was observed. In vitro cytocompatibility was also evaluated. These results indicate that N-halamine wound dressings potentially can be employed to prevent infections, while at the same time improving the healing process by eliminating undesired bacterial growth.