Chemical Elicitors-Induced Variation in Cellular Biomass, Biosynthesis of Secondary Cell Products, and Antioxidant System in Callus Cultures of Fagonia indica

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 26; no. 21; p. 6340
• Main Authors: Khan, Habiba, Khan, Tariq, Ahmad, Nisar, Zaman, Gouhar, Khan, Taimoor, Ahmad, Waqar, Batool, Sannia, Hussain, Zahid, Drouet, Samantha, Hano, Christophe, Abbasi, Bilal Haider
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 20.10.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Accumulation; Aluminum; Aluminum chloride; Aluminum Chloride - pharmacology; antioxidant enzymes; Antioxidants; Antioxidants - metabolism; Antioxidants - pharmacology; Apoptosis; Bioactive compounds; Biomass; Bioreactors; Biosynthesis; Cadmium; Cadmium chloride; Callus; callus culture; Cell culture; chemical elicitors; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Environmental factors; Enzyme Activation - drug effects; Enzymes; Fagonia; Fagonia indica; Flavonoids; Flavonoids - biosynthesis; Flowers & plants; Free Radical Scavengers; Free radicals; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic - drug effects; Heavy metals; High performance liquid chromatography; HPLC; Investigations; Kaempferol; Liquid chromatography; Metabolites; Peroxidase; Pharmaceutical industry; Phenolic compounds; Phenols; Phenols - metabolism; Phytochemicals; Plant Cells - drug effects; Plant Cells - metabolism; Plant growth; polyphenolics; Polyphenols - biosynthesis; Polyphenols - chemistry; Productivity; Scavenging; Secondary Metabolism - drug effects; Secondary metabolites; Superoxide dismutase; Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism; Tissue Culture Techniques; Zygophyllaceae - chemistry; Zygophyllaceae - drug effects; Zygophyllaceae - metabolism; polyphenolics; chemical elicitors; antioxidant enzymes; Fagonia indica; HPLC; callus culture
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216340

is a rich source of pharmacologically active compounds. The variation in the metabolites of interest is one of the major issues in wild plants due to different environmental factors. The addition of chemical elicitors is one of the effective strategies to trigger the biosynthetic pathways for the release of a higher quantity of bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of chemical elicitors, aluminum chloride (AlCl ) and cadmium chloride (CdCl ), on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biomass, and the antioxidant system in callus cultures of . Among various treatments applied, AlCl (0.1 mM concentration) improved the highest in biomass accumulation (fresh weight (FW): 404.72 g/L) as compared to the control (FW: 269.85 g/L). The exposure of cultures to AlCl (0.01 mM) enhanced the accumulation of secondary metabolites, and the total phenolic contents (TPCs: 7.74 mg/g DW) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs: 1.07 mg/g DW) were higher than those of cultures exposed to CdCl (0.01 mM) with content levels (TPC: 5.60 and TFC: 0.97 mg/g) as compared to the control (TPC: 4.16 and TFC: 0.42 mg/g DW). Likewise, AlCl and CdCl also promoted the free radical scavenging activity (FRSA; 89.4% and 90%, respectively) at a concentration of 0.01 mM, as compared to the control (65.48%). For instance, the quantification of metabolites via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed an optimum production of myricetin (1.20 mg/g), apigenin (0.83 mg/g), isorhamnetin (0.70 mg/g), and kaempferol (0.64 mg/g). Cultures grown in the presence of AlCl triggered higher quantities of secondary metabolites than those grown in the presence of CdCl (0.79, 0.74, 0.57, and 0.67 mg/g). Moreover, AlCl at 0.1 mM enhanced the biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase (SOD: 0.08 nM/min/mg-FW) and peroxidase enzymes (POD: 2.37 nM/min/mg-FW), while CdCl resulted in an SOD activity up to 0.06 nM/min/mg-FW and POD: 2.72 nM/min/mg-FW. From these results, it is clear that AlCl is a better elicitor in terms of a higher and uniform productivity of biomass, secondary cell products, and antioxidant enzymes compared to CdCl and the control. It is possible to scale the current strategy to a bioreactor for a higher productivity of metabolites of interest for various pharmaceutical industries.