Normative data of olfactory abilities using cultural adaption Sniffin’ sticks smell test in different age groups

• Published in: Saudi medical journal Vol. 42; no. 11; pp. 1209 - 1216
• Main Authors: Husain, Salina, Hamid, Irfan Affandi, Zahedi, Farah Dayana, Hamizan, Aneeza Khairiyah Wan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Riyadh Saudi Medical Journal 01.11.2021; Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC)
• Subjects: Age groups; Evaluation; Gender differences; Middle age; Original; Otolaryngology; Pediatrics; Psychological tests; Smell; Teenagers; Young adults; Malaysia
• ISSN: 0379-5284; 1658-3175
• DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.42.11.20210529

Objectives: To assess olfactory abilities using a culturally adapted Sniffin' Sticks smell test in different age groups. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted at Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Secondary Science School, and Children Learning Centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from August 2019 until December 2021. Results: In 450 healthy participants, the cut-off points of the threshold discrimination identification (TDI) scores at the 10th percentile for olfactory abilities were 19 in children, 30.1 in adolescents, 32.1 in young adults, 31.1 in middle-aged adults, and 28.6 in older adults. The children had significantly lower olfactory abilities, with the Bonferroni post-hoc tests of p<0.001. The young adults had higher olfactory abilities than older adults (p<0.05). The results showed that the identification score was highest in middle-aged adults (p<0.001). The discrimination score was the highest in young adults (p<0.001). The best odor threshold performance was observed in adolescents (p<0.001). The TDI score showed a significant difference in olfactory abilities between men and women (p=0.001). Conclusion: Using a culturally adapted smell test, our population was able to identify, discriminate, and perceive odorants better than the European population. This data will help clinicians and researchers with a tool to reliably establish the correct results of olfactory function in our population. Women had better olfactory abilities than men. Keywords: cultural adaptation, Sniffin' sticks, olfaction, age [phrase omitted]