Immune response scenario and vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2 infection

• Published in: International immunopharmacology Vol. 94; p. 107439
• Main Author: Mohammad, Mai H.S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.05.2021; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Antibodies; Antiviral agents; Asymptomatic infection; Clinical trials; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; COVID-19 - immunology; COVID-19 - prevention & control; COVID-19 Vaccines; Cytokine storm; Cytokines - immunology; Drug development; Drugs; Glycoproteins; Humans; Immune response; Immune system; Immunity, Innate; Immunization, Passive; Immunosuppressive agents; Novel coronavirus; Pandemics; Prophylaxis; Protein S; Proteins; Public health; Review; SARS COV-2; SARS-CoV-2 - immunology; Severe acute respiratory syndrome; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Signs and symptoms; Spike glycoprotein; Vaccine development; Vaccines; Viral diseases; COVID-19; Immune response; SARS COV-2; Vaccines; Novel coronavirus; Cytokine storm
• ISSN: 1567-5769; 1878-1705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107439

•COVID-19 clinical picture varies from mild infection to serious complications.•The immune response may achieve viral elimination or lead to disease progression.•The viral S protein is the main promoter of neutralizing antibodies development.•Many vaccines have been designed to target specifically the viral S protein. COVID-19 pandemic has started in December 2019 in China and quickly extended to become a worldwide health and economic emergency issue. It is caused by the novel coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 patients’ clinical presentations vary from asymptomatic infection or flu like symptoms to serious pneumonia which could be associated with multiple organ failure possibly leading to death. It is understood that the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 includes all elements of the immune system which could altogether succeed in viral elimination and complete cure. Meanwhile, this immune response may also lead to disease progression and could be responsible for the patient’s death. Many trials have been done recently to create therapies and vaccines against human coronavirus infections such as MERS or SARS, however, till now, there is some controversy about the effectiveness and safety of antiviral drugs and vaccines which have been developed to treat and prevent this disease and its management depends mainly on supportive care. The spike glycoprotein or protein S of SARS-CoV-2 is the main promoter that induces development of neutralizing antibodies; hence, many attempts of vaccines and antiviral drugs development have been designed to be directed specifically against this protein. While some of these attempts have been proved to be efficient in in vitro settings, only few of them have been proceeded to randomized animal trials and human studies which makes COVID-19 prevention an ongoing challenge. This review describes the natural immune response scenario during COVID-19 and the vaccines development trials to create efficient vaccines thus helping to build more effective approaches for prophylaxis and management.