Antipsychotics Use Is Associated With Greater Adherence to Cardiometabolic Medications in Patients With Schizophrenia: Results From a Nationwide, Within-subject Design Study

• Published in: Schizophrenia bulletin Vol. 48; no. 1; pp. 166 - 175
• Main Authors: Solmi, Marco, Tiihonen, Jari, Lähteenvuo, Markku, Tanskanen, Antti, Correll, Christoph U, Taipale, Heidi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: US Oxford University Press 21.01.2022
• Subjects: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists - administration & dosage; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists - therapeutic use; Adult; Antidiabetics; Antihypertensive Agents - administration & dosage; Antihypertensive Agents - therapeutic use; Antihypertensives; Antipsychotic Agents - administration & dosage; Antipsychotic Agents - therapeutic use; Antipsychotics; Beta blockers; Cardiovascular Diseases - drug therapy; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology; Comorbidity; Female; Finland - epidemiology; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors - administration & dosage; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors - therapeutic use; Hypoglycemic Agents - administration & dosage; Hypoglycemic Agents - therapeutic use; Male; Medication Adherence - statistics & numerical data; Metabolic Diseases - drug therapy; Metabolic Diseases - epidemiology; Middle Aged; Mortality; Psychotropic drugs; Regular; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenia - drug therapy; Schizophrenia - epidemiology; Within-subjects design; Finland; cardiovascular disease; cholesterol; psychiatry; physical health; diabetes; adherence
• ISSN: 0586-7614; 1745-1701; 1745-1701
• DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab087

Abstract Background People with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (schizophrenia) die early, largely due to cardiovascular-related mortality. Antipsychotics are associated with lower mortality. We aimed to explore whether antipsychotic use can reduce discontinuation of medications for cardiovascular risk factors and diseases (“cardiometacolic drugs”), using a within-study design controlling for subject-related factors. Methods Persons diagnosed with schizophrenia between 1972 and 2014, aged <65 years at cohort entry were identified in Finnish national databases. Four subcohorts were formed based on cardiometabolic drug use during the follow-up period, 1996–2017, namely statin (n = 14,047), antidiabetic (n = 13,070), antihypertensive (n = 17,227), and beta-blocker (n = 21,464) users. To control for subject-related factors, including likelihood of adherence as a trait characteristic, we conducted a within-subject study comparing the risk of discontinuation of each cardiometabolic drug during periods on vs off antipsychotics within each subject. We also accounted for number of psychiatric and nonpsychiatric visits in sensitivity analyses. Results In 52,607 subjects with schizophrenia, any antipsychotic use vs nonuse was associated with decreased discontinuation risk of antidiabetics (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.47–0.66), statins (aHR = 0.61, 95%CI = 0.53–0.70), antihypertensives (aHR = 0.63, 95%CI = 0.56–0.71), and beta-blockers (aHR = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.73–0.87). Antipsychotics ranking best for discontinuation of all cardiometabolic drug categories were clozapine (aHR range = 0.34–0.55), followed by olanzapine (aHR = 0.43–0.71). For statins, aHRs ranged from aHR = 0.30 (95%CI = 0.09–0.98) (flupentixol-long-acting injectable (LAI) to aHR = 0.71 (95%CI = 0.52–0.97) (risperidone-LAI), for anti-diabetic medications from aHR = 0.37 (95%CI = 0.28–0.50) (clozapine) to aHR = 0.70 (95%CI = 0.53–0.92) (quetiapine), for antihypertensives from aHR = 0.14 (95%CI = 0.04–0.46) (paliperidone-LAI) to aHR = 0.69 (95%CI = 0.54–0.88) (perphenazine), for beta-blockers from aHR = 0.55 (95%CI = 0.48–0.63) (clozapine) to aHR = 0.76 (95%CI = 0.59–0.99) (perphenazine-LAI). The decreased risk of discontinuation associated with antipsychotic use somewhat varied between age strata. Sensitivity analyses confirmed main findings. Discussion In this national database within-subject design study, current antipsychotic use was associated with substantially decreased risk of discontinuation of statins, anti-diabetics, antihypertensives, and beta-blockers, which might explain reduced cardiovascular mortality observed with antipsychotics in people with schizophrenia.