Multivariate Analysis Revealed Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Improves Anti-Melanoma Activity of Non-Flavonoid Compounds in Indonesian Brown Algae Ethanol Extract

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 27; no. 21; p. 7509
• Main Authors: Sunarwidhi, Anggit Listyacahyani, Hernawan, Ari, Frediansyah, Andri, Widyastuti, Sri, Martyasari, Ni Wayan Riyani, Abidin, Angga Susmana, Padmi, Hasriaton, Handayani, Ervina, Utami, Ni Wayan Putri, Maulana, Farreh Alan, Ichfa, Muhammad Syach Maulad, Prasedya, Eka Sunarwidhi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 03.11.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Acetaldehyde; Alcohol; Alcohol, Denatured; Algae; Analysis; antimelanoma; antioxidant activity; Antioxidants; Antioxidants - chemistry; Apoptosis; Arachidonic acid; Biocompatibility; Biodiversity; Bioflavonoids; Biological activity; brown algae; Coasts; Cold; Cytotoxicity; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Ergosterol; Essential fatty acids; Ethanol; Fatty acids; Flavones; Flavonoids; Flavonoids - analysis; Flavonoids - pharmacology; Fucoxanthin; Indonesia; Linolenic acid; Lipids; Lipophilic; Lipophilicity; Liquid chromatography; marine; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Melanoma; Metabolites; Metabolomics; Methods; Monounsaturated fatty acids; Multivariate Analysis; Oleamide; Oxidants; Oxidizing agents; Palmitic acid; Palmitoleic acid; Phaeophyceae; Phenols; Phenols - chemistry; Phytochemicals; Phytosterols; Plant Extracts - chemistry; Plant Extracts - pharmacology; Principal components analysis; Retinoids; Saturated fatty acids; Skin cancer; Solvents; Ultrasonics; untargeted metabolomics; Vitamins; Indonesia; United Arab Emirates; untargeted metabolomics; antimelanoma; brown algae; antioxidant activity; multivariate analysis; marine; lipophilic
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217509

Indonesia has high biodiversity of algae that are under-utilised due to limitations in the processing techniques. Here, we observed the effect of two different extraction methods (cold maceration and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)) on multiple variables of Indonesian brown algae ethanol extracts ( , , and ). The variables observed included metabolites screening by untargeted metabolomics liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), observation of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), anti-oxidant and B16-F10 melanoma cells cytotoxicity. UAE extracts had higher extraction yield and TPC, but no TFC difference was observed. UAE extract had more lipophilic compounds, such as fatty acids (Palmitic acid, Oleamide, Palmitoleic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, α-Linolenic acid, Arachidonic acid), lipid-derived mediators (11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ((±)11(12)-EET)), steroid derivatives (Ergosterol peroxide), lipophilic metabolite (Fucoxanthin), and lipid-soluble vitamins (all-trans-retinol). Principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that TPC, not TFC, in the UAE extracts was correlated with the anti-oxidant activities and cytotoxicity of the extracts towards B16-F10 melanoma cells. This means other non-flavonoid phenolic and lipophilic compounds may have contributed to its bioactivity. These results suggest that out of the two methods investigated, UAE could be a chosen method to extract natural anti-melanogenic agents from brown algae.