Filament-Reinforced 3D Printing of Clay

• Published in: Materials Vol. 16; no. 18; p. 6253
• Main Authors: Jauk, Julian, Gosch, Lukas, Vašatko, Hana, Königsberger, Markus, Schlusche, Johannes, Stavric, Milena
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.09.2023; MDPI
• Subjects: 3-D printers; 3D printing; Analysis; Architecture; Automation; Catastrophic failure analysis; Clay; Coextrusion; composite material; Composite materials; Concrete; Construction industry; Design; Experiments; Mechanical properties; Methods; Moisture content; Multiple criterion; Printing; Prototypes; Reinforced concrete; reinforcement; Tensile strength; Three dimensional printing; Viscosity; Austria
• ISSN: 1996-1944; 1996-1944
• DOI: 10.3390/ma16186253

This research resulted in the development of a method that can be used for filament-reinforced 3D printing of clay. Currently, clay-based elements are mixed with randomly dispersed fibrous materials in order to increase their tensile strength. The advantages of taking this new approach to create filament-reinforced prints are the increased bridging ability while printing, the increased tensile strength of the dried elements, and the achievement of non-catastrophic failure behavior. The research methodology used involves the following steps: (1) evaluating properties of various filament materials with respect to multiple criteria, (2) designing a filament guiding nozzle for co-extrusion, and (3) conducting a comprehensive testing phase for the composite material. This phase involves comparisons of bridging ability, tensile strength evaluations for un-reinforced clay prints and filament-reinforced prints, as well as the successful production of an architectural brick prototype. (4) Finally, the gathered results are subjected to thorough analysis. Compared to conventional 3D printing of clay, the developed method enables a substantial increase in bridging distance during printing by a factor of 460%. This capability facilitates the design of objects characterized by reduced solidity and the attainment of a more open, lightweight, and net-like structure. Further, results show that the average tensile strength of the reinforced sample in a dry state exhibited an enhancement of approximately 15%. The combination of clay’s ability to resist compression and the filament’s capacity to withstand tension has led to the development of a structural concept in this composite material akin to that of reinforced concrete. This suggests its potential application within the construction industry. Producing the prototype presented in this research would not have been possible with existing 3D printing methods of clay.