Roles of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath Condensates in Respiratory Clinical Fields

• Published in: Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases Vol. 87; no. 1; pp. 65 - 79
• Main Authors: Choi, Yong Jun, Lee, Min Jae, Byun, Min Kwang, Park, Sangho, Park, Jimyung, Park, Dongil, Kim, Sang-Hoon, Kim, Youngsam, Lim, Seong Yong, Yoo, Kwang Ha, Jung, Ki Suck, Park, Hye Jung
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Korea (South) The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 01.01.2024; 대한결핵및호흡기학회
• Subjects: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung function test; eosinophils; exhaled condensates; Original; 내과학; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Lung Function Test; Eosinophils; Exhaled Condensates
• ISSN: 1738-3536; 2005-6184
• DOI: 10.4046/trd.2023.0028

Background: Exhaled condensates contain inflammatory biomarkers; however, their roles in the clinical field have been under-investigated.Methods: We prospectively enrolled subjects admitted to pulmonology clinics. We collected exhaled breath condensates (EBC) and analysed the levels of six and 12 biomarkers using conventional and multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.Results: Among the 123 subjects, healthy controls constituted the largest group (81 participants; 65.9%), followed by the preserved ratio impaired spirometry group (21 patients; 17.1%) and the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) group (21 patients; 17.1%). In COPD patients, platelet derived growth factor-AA exhibited strong positive correlations with COPD assessment test (ρ=0.5926, p=0.0423) and COPD-specific version of St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ-C) score (total, ρ=0.6725, p=0.0166; activity, ρ=0.7176, p=0.0086; and impacts, ρ=0.6151, p=0.0333). Granzyme B showed strong positive correlations with SGRQ-C score (symptoms, ρ=0.6078, p=0.0360; and impacts, ρ=0.6007, p=0.0389). Interleukin 6 exhibited a strong positive correlation with SGRQ-C score (activity, ρ=0.4671, p=0.0378). The absolute serum eosinophil and basophil counts showed positive correlations with pro-collagen I alpha 1 (ρ=0.6735, p=0.0164 and ρ=0.6295, p=0.0283, respectively). In healthy subjects, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity demonstrated significant correlation with CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3)/macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (ρ=0.3897 and p=0.0068). FEV1 exhibited significant correlation with CCL11/eotaxin (ρ=0.4445 and p=0.0017).Conclusion: Inflammatory biomarkers in EBC might be useful to predict quality of life concerning respiratory symptoms and serologic markers. Further studies are needed.