Moisture Vertical Structure, Column Water Vapor, and Tropical Deep Convection

• Published in: Journal of the atmospheric sciences Vol. 66; no. 6; pp. 1665 - 1683
• Main Authors: Holloway, Christopher E., Neelin, J. David
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Boston, MA American Meteorological Society 01.06.2009
• Subjects: Atmospheric radiation; Atmospheric radiation measurements; Boundary layer; Boundary layers; Buoyancy; Coefficients; Columnar structure; Convection; Data processing; Downward long wave radiation; Earth, ocean, space; Entrainment; Environmental factors; Exact sciences and technology; External geophysics; Humidity; Lower troposphere; Mass flux; Meteorology; Moisture; Moisture effects; Moisture profiles; Physics of the high neutral atmosphere; Precipitation; Precipitation gauges; Radiation measurement; Radiometers; Radiosondes; Rainfall; Rainfall measurement; Specific humidity; Temperature; Troposphere; Tropospheric humidity; Upper troposphere; Variability; Vertical profiles; Water vapor; Water vapour; Nauru Island; Micronesia; Oceania; Nauru; ISEW, Pacific, Nauru; rainfall; Entrainment (atmosphere, ocean); atmospheric precipitation; plumes; water vapor; Specific humidity; Atmospheric radiation; vertical component; troposphere; buoyancy; Variance
• ISSN: 0022-4928; 1520-0469
• DOI: 10.1175/2008JAS2806.1

The vertical structure of the relationship between water vapor and precipitation is analyzed in 5 yr of radiosonde and precipitation gauge data from the Nauru Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site. The first vertical principal component of specific humidity is very highly correlated with column water vapor (CWV) and has a maximum of both total and fractional variance captured in the lower free troposphere (around 800 hPa). Moisture profiles conditionally averaged on precipitation show a strong association between rainfall and moisture variability in the free troposphere and little boundary layer variability. A sharp pickup in precipitation occurs near a critical value of CWV, confirming satellite-based studies. A lag–lead analysis suggests it is unlikely that the increase in water vapor is just a result of the falling precipitation. To investigate mechanisms for the CWV–precipitation relationship, entraining plume buoyancy is examined in sonde data and simplified cases. For several different mixing schemes, higher CWV results in progressively greater plume buoyancies, particularly in the upper troposphere, indicating conditions favorable for deep convection. All other things being equal, higher values of lower-tropospheric humidity, via entrainment, play a major role in this buoyancy increase. A small but significant increase in subcloud layer moisture with increasing CWV also contributes to buoyancy. Entrainment coefficients inversely proportional to distance from the surface, associated with mass flux increase through a deep lower-tropospheric layer, appear promising. These yield a relatively even weighting through the lower troposphere for the contribution of environmental water vapor to midtropospheric buoyancy, explaining the association of CWV and buoyancy available for deep convection.