Over-reliance on English hinders cognitive science

• Published in: Trends in cognitive sciences Vol. 26; no. 12; pp. 1153 - 1170
• Main Authors: Blasi, Damián E., Henrich, Joseph, Adamou, Evangelia, Kemmerer, David, Majid, Asifa
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.12.2022; Elsevier
• Subjects: Brain; Cognition; Cognitive Science; English bias; Humanities and Social Sciences; Humans; Language; language and cognition; linguistic diversity; linguistic relativity; Linguistics; English bias; language and cognition; linguistic relativity; cognitive science; linguistic diversity; Linguistic relativity
• ISSN: 1364-6613; 1879-307X; 1879-307X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.015

English is the dominant language in the study of human cognition and behavior: the individuals studied by cognitive scientists, as well as most of the scientists themselves, are frequently English speakers. However, English differs from other languages in ways that have consequences for the whole of the cognitive sciences, reaching far beyond the study of language itself. Here, we review an emerging body of evidence that highlights how the particular characteristics of English and the linguistic habits of English speakers bias the field by both warping research programs (e.g., overemphasizing features and mechanisms present in English over others) and overgeneralizing observations from English speakers’ behaviors, brains, and cognition to our entire species. We propose mitigating strategies that could help avoid some of these pitfalls. The cognitive sciences have been dominated by English-speaking researchers studying other English speakers.We review studies examining language and cognition, contrasting English to other languages, by focusing on differences in modality, form-meaning mappings, vocabulary, morphosyntax, and usage rules.Critically, the language one speaks or signs can have downstream effects on ostensibly nonlinguistic cognitive domains, ranging from memory, to social cognition, perception, decision-making, and more.The over-reliance on English in the cognitive sciences has led to an underestimation of the centrality of language to cognition at large.To live up to its mission of understanding the representational and computational capacities of the human mind, cognitive science needs to broaden the linguistic diversity represented in its participants and researchers.