The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) Payload Development and Performance in Flight

• Published in: Space science reviews Vol. 167; no. 1-4; pp. 23 - 69
• Main Authors: Ennico, Kimberly, Shirley, Mark, Colaprete, Anthony, Osetinsky, Leonid
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.05.2012; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Aerospace Technology and Astronautics; Astrophysics and Astroparticles; Calibration; Earth, ocean, space; Exact sciences and technology; Indexing in process; Moisture content; Moon; Physics; Physics and Astronomy; Planetology; Remote sensing; Satellites; Space Exploration and Astronautics; Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics; Spectrum analysis; United States > US; Spectroscopy; LCROSS; Moon; Class D; Impactor; LRO; Mission
• ISSN: 0038-6308; 1572-9672
• DOI: 10.1007/s11214-011-9753-4

The primary objective of the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) was to confirm the presence or absence of water ice in a permanently shadowed region (PSR) at a lunar pole. LCROSS was classified as a NASA Class D mission. Its payload, the subject of this article, was designed, built, tested and operated to support a condensed schedule, risk tolerant mission approach, a new paradigm for NASA science missions. All nine science instruments, most of them ruggedized commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS), successfully collected data during all in-flight calibration campaigns, and most importantly, during the final descent to the lunar surface on October 9, 2009, after 112 days in space. LCROSS demonstrated that COTS instruments and designs with simple interfaces, can provide high-quality science at low-cost and in short development time frames. Building upfront into the payload design, flexibility, redundancy where possible even with the science measurement approach, and large margins, played important roles for this new type of payload. The environmental and calibration approach adopted by the LCROSS team, compared to existing standard programs, is discussed. The description, capabilities, calibration and in-flight performance of each instrument are summarized. Finally, this paper goes into depth about specific areas where the instruments worked differently than expected and how the flexibility of the payload team, the knowledge of instrument priority and science trades, and proactive margin maintenance, led to a successful science measurement by the LCROSS payload’s instrument complement.