Interpreting the toxicologic significance of alterations in anogenital distance: potential for confounding effects of progeny body weights

• Published in: Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) Vol. 13; no. 5; pp. 383 - 390
• Main Authors: Gallavan, Robert H, Holson, Joseph F, Stump, Donald G, Knapp, John F, Reynolds, Vincent L
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY Elsevier Inc 01.09.1999; Elsevier
• Subjects: Analysis of covariance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anogenital distance; Biological and medical sciences; Body Weight - physiology; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Developmental toxicity; Embryology: invertebrates and vertebrates. Teratology; Embryonic and Fetal Development - physiology; Endocrine effects; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects. Methods; Genitalia, Female - growth & development; Genitalia, Male - growth & development; Hormone; Hypospadias; Male; Medical sciences; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Regression Analysis; Reproductive toxicity testing; Sex Differentiation - physiology; Sexual differentiation; Teratology. Teratogens; Toxicity Tests - methods; Toxicology; Endocrine effects; Hormone; Developmental toxicity; Analysis of covariance; Hypospadias; Anogenital distance; Reproductive toxicity testing; Sexual differentiation; Biometrics; Rat; Covariance analysis; Toxicity; Rodentia; Endocrine disruptor; Progeny; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Anus; Investigation method; Urethra; Malformation; Animal; Methodological bias; Birth weight; Teratogen
• ISSN: 0890-6238; 1873-1708
• DOI: 10.1016/S0890-6238(99)00036-2

Anogenital distance (AGD) is an endpoint that was recently added to the U.S. EPA testing guidelines for reproductive toxicity studies. This endpoint is sensitive to hormonal effects of test chemicals. It is possible that apparent alterations in AGD might occur after treatment with agents that affect overall pup body size. In such cases, hormonal activity might be associated incorrectly with the test treatment. The analyses in this report evaluated statistical correlations between pup body weight and AGD in control litters. AGDs were measured on postnatal day 1 in 1501 pups derived from 113 untreated female Sprague-Dawley rats in two independent two-generation reproductive toxicity studies. Significant correlations were detected between AGD and body weight and between AGD and the cube root of body weight. In males, AGD increased 0.26 mm for each 1 g increase in body weight. In females, AGD increased 0.13 mm per 1 g increase in body weight. Although there were essentially no differences between the regression models developed to predict AGD in either males or females using body weight as a covariate and those based on the cube root of body weight, such similarities in predictivity might not occur in larger animals with broader weight ranges than those encountered in this analysis. Normalization of AGD by dividing by body weight significantly overcompensated for differences in body size. Normalizing with the cube root of body weight resulted in an AGD/cube root of body weight ratio that was constant across the range of body weights observed in this study. In conclusion, as a preferred method to account for body size effects on AGD, analysis of covariance is recommended. If a normalization is done directly, the ratio of AGD to the cube root of body weight is the more appropriate metric.