Characterisation factors for life cycle impact assessment of sound emissions

• Published in: The Science of the total environment Vol. 468-469; pp. 280 - 291
• Main Authors: Cucurachi, S., Heijungs, R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 15.01.2014
• Subjects: acoustics; adverse effects; Annoyance; anthropogenic activities; computer software; Environmental Exposure; Europe; Geography; human health; Humans; inventories; LCA; LCIA; Life cycle; life cycle impact assessment; Manufactured Materials; Manufactured Materials - adverse effects; Manufactured Materials - standards; Materials Testing; Materials Testing - methods; Materials Testing - standards; methods; Models, Theoretical; Monte Carlo Method; Noise; Noise impacts; Sound; Sound - adverse effects; spatial data; variance; Europe; FF; EF; AC; c; CF; D; Noise; f; i; Lw; LCA; LCIA; Noise impacts; SC; Life cycle; Annoyance; Nf; Characterisation factor [number of people-Pa/W]; Background sound power level [decibel]; Number of exposed subjects; Effect factor [number of people]; time index; location index; Spatial context; frequency index; Directivity [dB]; Fate factor [Pa/W]; archetypal context
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.080

Noise is a serious stressor affecting the health of millions of citizens. It has been suggested that disturbance by noise is responsible for a substantial part of the damage to human health. However, no recommended approach to address noise impacts was proposed by the handbook for life cycle assessment (LCA) of the European Commission, nor are characterisation factors (CFs) and appropriate inventory data available in commonly used databases. This contribution provides CFs to allow for the quantification of noise impacts on human health in the LCA framework. Noise propagation standards and international reports on acoustics and noise impacts were used to define the model parameters. Spatial data was used to calculate spatially-defined CFs in the form of 10-by-10-km maps. The results of this analysis were combined with data from the literature to select input data for representative archetypal situations of emission (e.g. urban day with a frequency of 63Hz, rural night at 8000Hz, etc.). A total of 32 spatial and 216 archetypal CFs were produced to evaluate noise impacts at a European level (i.e. EU27). The possibility of a user-defined characterisation factor was added to support the possibility of portraying the situation of full availability of information, as well as a highly-localised impact analysis. A Monte Carlo-based quantitative global sensitivity analysis method was applied to evaluate the importance of the input factors in determining the variance of the output. The factors produced are ready to be implemented in the available LCA databases and software. The spatial approach and archetypal approach may be combined and selected according to the amount of information available and the life cycle under study. The framework proposed and used for calculations is flexible enough to be expanded to account for impacts on target subjects other than humans and to continents other than Europe. •Characterisation factors for the impact of sound emissions on humans are proposed.•Different levels of specification are available (i.e. spatial, temporal, physical).•The factors are applicable to any sound emitting source located in Europe.•Archetypal situations of emission are modelled (e.g. urban location, day, 8000Hz).•The factors are ready to be implemented in LCA databases and case studies.