Causes and consequences of intraspecific variation in animal responses to anthropogenic noise

• Published in: Behavioral ecology Vol. 30; no. 6; pp. 1501 - 1511
• Main Authors: Harding, Harry R, Gordon, Timothy A C, Eastcott, Emma, Simpson, Stephen D, Radford, Andrew N
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: UK Oxford University Press 08.11.2019
• Subjects: Invited Review; noise pollution; mitigation; environmental stressors; biological responses; management; experiments
• ISSN: 1045-2249; 1465-7279
• DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz114

Abstract Anthropogenic noise is a recognized global pollutant, affecting a wide range of nonhuman animals. However, most research considers only whether noise pollution has an impact, ignoring that individuals within a species or population exhibit substantial variation in responses to stress. Here, we first outline how intrinsic characteristics (e.g., body size, condition, sex, and personality) and extrinsic factors (e.g., environmental context, repeated exposure, prior experience, and multiple stressors) can affect responses to environmental stressors. We then present the results of a systematic search of the anthropogenic-noise literature, identifying articles that investigated intraspecific variation in the responses of nonhuman animals to noise. This reveals that fewer than 10% of articles (51 of 589) examining impacts of noise test experimentally for intraspecific variation in responses; of those that do, more than 75% report significant effects. We assess these existing studies to determine the current scope of research and findings to-date, and to provide suggestions for good practice in the design, implementation, and reporting of robust experiments in this field. We close by explaining how understanding intraspecific variation in responses to anthropogenic noise is crucial for improving how we manage captive animals, monitor wild populations, model species responses, and mitigate effects of noise pollution on wildlife. Our aim is to stimulate greater knowledge and more effective management of the harmful consequences of this global pollutant. To understand fully how noise pollution affects animals, we must consider differences between individuals. Less than 10% of published experimental studies on noise effects investigate variation due either to individual characteristics (such as size and sex) or external factors (such as current context or previous exposure). We explain how greater consideration of individual variation is vital for understanding man-made noise as a global pollutant and for developing mitigation strategies to protect animals.