Long-Term Release of Carbon Dioxide from Arctic Tundra Ecosystems in Alaska

• Published in: Ecosystems (New York) Vol. 20; no. 5; pp. 960 - 974
• Main Authors: Euskirchen, E. S., Bret-Harte, M. S., Shaver, G. R., Edgar, C. W., Romanovsky, V. E.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer Science + Business Media 01.08.2017; Springer US; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Air pollution; Air temperature; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Carbon content; Carbon dioxide; Ecology; Ecosystems; Environmental Management; Feedback; Fluxes; Geoecology/Natural Processes; Greenhouse effect; Greenhouse gases; Hydrology/Water Resources; Life Sciences; Methane; Original Articles; Permafrost; Plant Sciences; Sinkholes; Soil layers; Soil temperature; Soils; Taiga & tundra; Temperature effects; Thawing; Tundra; Tundra ecology; Tundras; Zoology; United States > US; Alaska; methane; carbon dioxide; soil temperature; net ecosystem exchange; permafrost; arctic tundra
• ISSN: 1432-9840; 1435-0629
• DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-0085-9

Releases of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) from thawing permafrost are expected to be among the largest feedbacks to climate from arctic ecosystems. However, the current net carbon (C) balance of terrestrial arctic ecosystems is unknown. Recent studies suggest that these ecosystems are sources, sinks, or approximately in balance at present. This uncertainty arises because there are few long-term continuous measurements of arctic tundra CO₂ fluxes over the full annual cycle. Here, we describe a pattern of CO₂ loss based on the longest continuous record of direct measurements of CO₂ fluxes in the Alaskan Arctic, from two representative tundra ecosystems, wet sedge and heath tundra. We also report on a shorter time series of continuous measurements from a third ecosystem, tussock tundra. The amount of CO₂ loss from both heath and wet sedge ecosystems was related to the timing of freeze-up of the soil active layer in the fall. Wet sedge tundra lost the most CO₂ during the anomalously warm autumn periods of September–December 2013–2015, with CH₄ emissions contributing little to the overall C budget. Losses of C translated to approximately 4.1 and 1.4% of the total soil C stocks in active layer of the wet sedge and heath tundra, respectively, from 2008 to 2015. Increases in air temperature and soil temperatures at all depths may trigger a new trajectory of CO₂ release, which will be a significant feedback to further warming if it is representative of larger areas of the Arctic.