Eating at food outlets and leisure places and “on the go” is associated with less-healthy food choices than eating at home and in school in children: cross-sectional data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Program (2008–2014)

• Published in: The American journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 107; no. 6; pp. 992 - 1003
• Main Authors: Ziauddeen, Nida, Page, Polly, Penney, Tarra L, Nicholson, Sonja, Kirk, Sara FL, Almiron-Roig, Eva
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.06.2018; Oxford University Press; American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc
• Subjects: Adolescent; adolescents; Alcoholic beverages; Body mass; Body mass index; Body size; Bottled water; Carbohydrates; Child; Child, Preschool; Children; core food; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Eating; Eating behavior; eating location; Energy; Female; Food; Food consumption; Food Preferences; Food sources; home meals; Humans; Infant; Intakes; Male; Meals; Minority & ethnic groups; noncore food; Nutrition; Nutrition Surveys; Original Research Communications; Restaurants; Risk factors; school food; Schools; Smoking; Sugar; Takeaway food; United Kingdom; United Kingdom; United Kingdom > UK; core food; SSB; adolescents; CAPI; NMES; noncore food; home meals; school food; DLW; RP; eating location; NDNS
• ISSN: 0002-9165; 1938-3207
• DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy057

Where children eat has been linked to variations in diet quality, including the consumption of low-nutrient, energy-dense food, a recognized risk factor for obesity. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of consumption patterns and nutritional intake by eating location in British children with the use of a nationally representative survey. Cross-sectional data from 4636 children (80,075 eating occasions) aged 1.5–18 y from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Program (2008–2014) were analyzed. Eating locations were categorized as home, school, work, leisure places, food outlets, and “on the go.” Foods were classified into core (considered important or acceptable within a healthy diet) and noncore (all other foods). Other variables included the percentage of meals eaten at home, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, income, frequency of eating out, takeaway meal consumption, alcohol consumption, and smoking. The main eating location across all age groups was at home (69–79% of eating occasions), with the highest energy intakes. One-third of children from the least-affluent families consumed ≤25% of meals at home. Eating more at home was associated with less sugar and takeaway food consumption. Eating occasions in leisure places, food outlets, and “on the go” combined increased with age, from 5% (1.5–3 y) to 7% (11–18 y), with higher energy intakes from noncore foods in these locations. The school environment was associated with higher intakes of core foods and reduced intakes of noncore foods in children aged 4–10 y who ate school-sourced foods. Home and school eating are associated with better food choices, whereas other locations are associated with poor food choices. Effective, sustained initiatives targeted at behaviors and improving access to healthy foods in leisure centers and food outlets, including food sold to eat “on the go,” may improve food choices. Home remains an important target for intervention through family and nutrition education, outreach, and social marketing campaigns. This trial was registered with the ISRTCN registry (https://www.isrctn.com) as ISRCTN17261407.