Pediatric respiratory distress: California out‐of‐hospital protocols and evidence‐based recommendations

Objectives Prehospital protocols vary across local emergency medical service (EMS) agencies in California. We sought to develop evidence‐based recommendations for the out‐of‐hospital evaluation and treatment of pediatric respiratory distress, and we evaluated the protocols for pediatric respiratory...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open Vol. 1; no. 5; pp. 955 - 964
Main Authors Cheng, Tabitha, Farah, Jennifer, Aldridge, Nicholas, Tamir, Sharon, Donofrio‐Odmann, J. Joelle
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States John Wiley and Sons Inc 01.10.2020
Wiley
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Loading…
Abstract Objectives Prehospital protocols vary across local emergency medical service (EMS) agencies in California. We sought to develop evidence‐based recommendations for the out‐of‐hospital evaluation and treatment of pediatric respiratory distress, and we evaluated the protocols for pediatric respiratory distress used by the 33 California local EMS agencies. Methods Evidence‐based recommendations were developed through an extensive literature review of the current evidence regarding out‐of‐hospital treatment of pediatric patients with respiratory distress. The authors compared the pediatric respiratory distress protocols of each of the 33 California local EMS agencies with the evidence‐based recommendations. Our focus was on the treatment of 3 main pediatric respiratory complaints by presentation: stridor (croup), wheezing < 24 months (bronchiolitis), and wheezing > 24 months (asthma). Results Protocols across the 33 California local EMS agencies varied widely. Stridor (croup) had the highest protocol variability of the 3 presentations we evaluated, with no treatment having uniform use among all agencies. Only 3 (9.1%) of the local EMS agencies differentiated wheezing in children < 24 months of age, referencing this as possible bronchiolitis. All local EMS agencies included albuterol and epinephrine (intravenous/intramuscular) in their pediatric wheezing (asthma) treatment protocols. The least common treatments for wheezing (asthma) included nebulized epinephrine (3/33) and magnesium (2/33). No agencies included steroids in their treatment protocols (0/33). Conclusion Protocols for pediatric respiratory distress vary widely across the state of California, especially among those for stridor (croup) and wheezing in < 24 months (bronchiolitis). The evidence‐based recommendations that we present for the prehospital treatment of these conditions may be useful for EMS medical directors tasked with creating and revising these protocols.
AbstractList Prehospital protocols vary across local emergency medical service (EMS) agencies in California. We sought to develop evidence-based recommendations for the out-of-hospital evaluation and treatment of pediatric respiratory distress, and we evaluated the protocols for pediatric respiratory distress used by the 33 California local EMS agencies. Evidence-based recommendations were developed through an extensive literature review of the current evidence regarding out-of-hospital treatment of pediatric patients with respiratory distress. The authors compared the pediatric respiratory distress protocols of each of the 33 California local EMS agencies with the evidence-based recommendations. Our focus was on the treatment of 3 main pediatric respiratory complaints by presentation: stridor (croup), wheezing < 24 months (bronchiolitis), and wheezing > 24 months (asthma). Protocols across the 33 California local EMS agencies varied widely. Stridor (croup) had the highest protocol variability of the 3 presentations we evaluated, with no treatment having uniform use among all agencies. Only 3 (9.1%) of the local EMS agencies differentiated wheezing in children < 24 months of age, referencing this as possible bronchiolitis. All local EMS agencies included albuterol and epinephrine (intravenous/intramuscular) in their pediatric wheezing (asthma) treatment protocols. The least common treatments for wheezing (asthma) included nebulized epinephrine (3/33) and magnesium (2/33). No agencies included steroids in their treatment protocols (0/33). Protocols for pediatric respiratory distress vary widely across the state of California, especially among those for stridor (croup) and wheezing in < 24 months (bronchiolitis). The evidence-based recommendations that we present for the prehospital treatment of these conditions may be useful for EMS medical directors tasked with creating and revising these protocols.
Prehospital protocols vary across local emergency medical service (EMS) agencies in California. We sought to develop evidence-based recommendations for the out-of-hospital evaluation and treatment of pediatric respiratory distress, and we evaluated the protocols for pediatric respiratory distress used by the 33 California local EMS agencies.OBJECTIVESPrehospital protocols vary across local emergency medical service (EMS) agencies in California. We sought to develop evidence-based recommendations for the out-of-hospital evaluation and treatment of pediatric respiratory distress, and we evaluated the protocols for pediatric respiratory distress used by the 33 California local EMS agencies.Evidence-based recommendations were developed through an extensive literature review of the current evidence regarding out-of-hospital treatment of pediatric patients with respiratory distress. The authors compared the pediatric respiratory distress protocols of each of the 33 California local EMS agencies with the evidence-based recommendations. Our focus was on the treatment of 3 main pediatric respiratory complaints by presentation: stridor (croup), wheezing < 24 months (bronchiolitis), and wheezing > 24 months (asthma).METHODSEvidence-based recommendations were developed through an extensive literature review of the current evidence regarding out-of-hospital treatment of pediatric patients with respiratory distress. The authors compared the pediatric respiratory distress protocols of each of the 33 California local EMS agencies with the evidence-based recommendations. Our focus was on the treatment of 3 main pediatric respiratory complaints by presentation: stridor (croup), wheezing < 24 months (bronchiolitis), and wheezing > 24 months (asthma).Protocols across the 33 California local EMS agencies varied widely. Stridor (croup) had the highest protocol variability of the 3 presentations we evaluated, with no treatment having uniform use among all agencies. Only 3 (9.1%) of the local EMS agencies differentiated wheezing in children < 24 months of age, referencing this as possible bronchiolitis. All local EMS agencies included albuterol and epinephrine (intravenous/intramuscular) in their pediatric wheezing (asthma) treatment protocols. The least common treatments for wheezing (asthma) included nebulized epinephrine (3/33) and magnesium (2/33). No agencies included steroids in their treatment protocols (0/33).RESULTSProtocols across the 33 California local EMS agencies varied widely. Stridor (croup) had the highest protocol variability of the 3 presentations we evaluated, with no treatment having uniform use among all agencies. Only 3 (9.1%) of the local EMS agencies differentiated wheezing in children < 24 months of age, referencing this as possible bronchiolitis. All local EMS agencies included albuterol and epinephrine (intravenous/intramuscular) in their pediatric wheezing (asthma) treatment protocols. The least common treatments for wheezing (asthma) included nebulized epinephrine (3/33) and magnesium (2/33). No agencies included steroids in their treatment protocols (0/33).Protocols for pediatric respiratory distress vary widely across the state of California, especially among those for stridor (croup) and wheezing in < 24 months (bronchiolitis). The evidence-based recommendations that we present for the prehospital treatment of these conditions may be useful for EMS medical directors tasked with creating and revising these protocols.CONCLUSIONProtocols for pediatric respiratory distress vary widely across the state of California, especially among those for stridor (croup) and wheezing in < 24 months (bronchiolitis). The evidence-based recommendations that we present for the prehospital treatment of these conditions may be useful for EMS medical directors tasked with creating and revising these protocols.
Abstract Objectives Prehospital protocols vary across local emergency medical service (EMS) agencies in California. We sought to develop evidence‐based recommendations for the out‐of‐hospital evaluation and treatment of pediatric respiratory distress, and we evaluated the protocols for pediatric respiratory distress used by the 33 California local EMS agencies. Methods Evidence‐based recommendations were developed through an extensive literature review of the current evidence regarding out‐of‐hospital treatment of pediatric patients with respiratory distress. The authors compared the pediatric respiratory distress protocols of each of the 33 California local EMS agencies with the evidence‐based recommendations. Our focus was on the treatment of 3 main pediatric respiratory complaints by presentation: stridor (croup), wheezing < 24 months (bronchiolitis), and wheezing > 24 months (asthma). Results Protocols across the 33 California local EMS agencies varied widely. Stridor (croup) had the highest protocol variability of the 3 presentations we evaluated, with no treatment having uniform use among all agencies. Only 3 (9.1%) of the local EMS agencies differentiated wheezing in children < 24 months of age, referencing this as possible bronchiolitis. All local EMS agencies included albuterol and epinephrine (intravenous/intramuscular) in their pediatric wheezing (asthma) treatment protocols. The least common treatments for wheezing (asthma) included nebulized epinephrine (3/33) and magnesium (2/33). No agencies included steroids in their treatment protocols (0/33). Conclusion Protocols for pediatric respiratory distress vary widely across the state of California, especially among those for stridor (croup) and wheezing in < 24 months (bronchiolitis). The evidence‐based recommendations that we present for the prehospital treatment of these conditions may be useful for EMS medical directors tasked with creating and revising these protocols.
Objectives Prehospital protocols vary across local emergency medical service (EMS) agencies in California. We sought to develop evidence‐based recommendations for the out‐of‐hospital evaluation and treatment of pediatric respiratory distress, and we evaluated the protocols for pediatric respiratory distress used by the 33 California local EMS agencies. Methods Evidence‐based recommendations were developed through an extensive literature review of the current evidence regarding out‐of‐hospital treatment of pediatric patients with respiratory distress. The authors compared the pediatric respiratory distress protocols of each of the 33 California local EMS agencies with the evidence‐based recommendations. Our focus was on the treatment of 3 main pediatric respiratory complaints by presentation: stridor (croup), wheezing < 24 months (bronchiolitis), and wheezing > 24 months (asthma). Results Protocols across the 33 California local EMS agencies varied widely. Stridor (croup) had the highest protocol variability of the 3 presentations we evaluated, with no treatment having uniform use among all agencies. Only 3 (9.1%) of the local EMS agencies differentiated wheezing in children < 24 months of age, referencing this as possible bronchiolitis. All local EMS agencies included albuterol and epinephrine (intravenous/intramuscular) in their pediatric wheezing (asthma) treatment protocols. The least common treatments for wheezing (asthma) included nebulized epinephrine (3/33) and magnesium (2/33). No agencies included steroids in their treatment protocols (0/33). Conclusion Protocols for pediatric respiratory distress vary widely across the state of California, especially among those for stridor (croup) and wheezing in < 24 months (bronchiolitis). The evidence‐based recommendations that we present for the prehospital treatment of these conditions may be useful for EMS medical directors tasked with creating and revising these protocols.
Author Farah, Jennifer
Donofrio‐Odmann, J. Joelle
Tamir, Sharon
Cheng, Tabitha
Aldridge, Nicholas
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Emergency Medicine University of California San Diego (UCSD) San Diego California USA
2 Department of Pediatrics UCSD San Diego California USA
3 Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego San Diego California USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Department of Pediatrics UCSD San Diego California USA
– name: 1 Department of Emergency Medicine University of California San Diego (UCSD) San Diego California USA
– name: 3 Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego San Diego California USA
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Tabitha
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9976-2448
  surname: Cheng
  fullname: Cheng, Tabitha
  email: tabitha.cheng@gmail.com
  organization: University of California San Diego (UCSD)
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Jennifer
  surname: Farah
  fullname: Farah, Jennifer
  organization: University of California San Diego (UCSD)
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Nicholas
  surname: Aldridge
  fullname: Aldridge, Nicholas
  organization: University of California San Diego (UCSD)
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Sharon
  surname: Tamir
  fullname: Tamir, Sharon
  organization: Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego
– sequence: 5
  givenname: J. Joelle
  surname: Donofrio‐Odmann
  fullname: Donofrio‐Odmann, J. Joelle
  organization: Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33145546$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp9kcFuFSEUhompsbV24wOYWRqTW4FhmMGFibmp2qTGLnRNzsChpZmBEebW3J2P0Gfsk0jv1KbduOHA4ct3IP9LshdiQEJeM3rMKOXvcZz4MeOM1s_IAZddt2Ks4XuP9vvkKOcrWuCGsbbrXpD9umaiaYQ8IOM5Wg9z8qZKmCefYI5pW1mf53LOH6o1DN7FFDxUcTPf_rmJriyXsbAzDNWU4hxNHHIFwVZ47S0Gg4XoIaMtThPHEYOF2ceQX5HnDoaMR_f1kPz8fPJj_XV19v3L6frT2cqITtar3hkloHeMgVK0Fh1jrlPSKLCOStsgEwqF5IimFx2X5Wusdk5Sa_taSFUfktPFayNc6Sn5EdJWR_B614jpQkOavRlQu75rVQ-qtRSE6oVyQnCuhBPO1Q3vi-vj4po2_YjWYJgTDE-kT2-Cv9QX8Vq3japF2xbB23tBir82mGc9-mxwGCBg3GTNRdPKTsgd-m5BTYo5J3QPYxjVd3Hru7j1Lu4Cv3n8sAf0X7gFYAvw2w-4_Y9Kn3w754v0LyRBvEo
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1080_10903127_2022_2143603
Cites_doi 10.1007/s00134-008-1201-x
10.3928/19382359-20190226-01
10.1067/mem.2003.144
10.1007/s12098-015-1811-6
10.1136/adc.2004.050005
10.1080/10903120802100167
10.2147/OAEM.S168728
10.1080/10903127.2017.1408727
10.1017/S1049023X00007731
10.3109/10903127.2013.836262
10.1542/peds.2006-1193
10.1080/10903120500255404
10.1542/peds.2011-2347
10.1016/j.anai.2015.11.015
10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60913-1
10.1002/ppul.21466
10.1097/00006565-199102000-00001
10.1016/j.ajem.2006.07.001
10.1016/j.jemermed.2003.11.019
10.3109/02770903.2011.555037
10.1016/j.ajem.2007.09.004
10.1136/adc.2005.091231
10.5588/ijtld.14.0170
10.1111/j.1553-2712.1995.tb03607.x
10.1067/mem.2000.109170
10.5811/westjem.2015.12.28995
10.1080/312703002181
10.1056/NEJM199810083391503
10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.08.001
10.1542/peds.2009-2092
10.1001/jama.295.11.1274
10.1177/0009922808316988
10.5811/westjem.2015.8.27971
10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.02.001
10.1542/peds.2014-2742
10.1053/ajem.2002.32648
10.1542/peds.111.1.e45
10.1097/00003246-200202000-00030
10.1097/PCC.0b013e318238b07a
10.1197/aemj.9.9.873
10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.06.105
10.5811/westjem.2018.1.36559
10.1097/00006565-199608000-00007
10.3109/10903127.2012.722177
10.1136/emj.2007.052050
10.5546/aap.2012.eng.291
10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2012141
10.1097/01.pec.0000169433.91196.6a
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.36
10.1097/01.pec.0000248683.09895.08
10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80679-9
10.1155/2012/585901
10.1542/peds.2013-2273
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2020 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of the American College of Emergency Physicians.
2020 The Authors. JACEP Open published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of the American College of Emergency Physicians.
Copyright_xml – notice: 2020 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of the American College of Emergency Physicians.
– notice: 2020 The Authors. JACEP Open published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of the American College of Emergency Physicians.
DBID 24P
WIN
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.1002/emp2.12103
DatabaseName Wiley Open Access
Wiley Online Library Open Access
PubMed
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle PubMed
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic


Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: 24P
  name: Open Access: Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Journals
  url: https://authorservices.wiley.com/open-science/open-access/browse-journals.html
  sourceTypes: Publisher
– sequence: 3
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
DocumentTitleAlternate CHENG et al
EISSN 2688-1152
EndPage 964
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_fb879ba97d0a49b49f442294f4ff352b
10_1002_emp2_12103
33145546
EMP212103
Genre article
Journal Article
GroupedDBID 0R~
1OC
24P
7X7
8FI
8FJ
AAHHS
ABUWG
ACCFJ
ACXQS
ADKYN
ADPDF
ADZMN
AEEZP
AEQDE
AFKRA
AIWBW
AJBDE
ALIPV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ALUQN
AVUZU
BENPR
CCPQU
EBS
EMOBN
FYUFA
GROUPED_DOAJ
HMCUK
M~E
OK1
OVD
OVEED
PGMZT
PIMPY
RPM
TEORI
UKHRP
WIN
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c4863-bfc94abf11a99034811f896c9adf06d5e149e462eecb482600213ff60ddb34693
IEDL.DBID RPM
ISSN 2688-1152
IngestDate Tue Oct 22 15:16:39 EDT 2024
Tue Sep 17 21:23:10 EDT 2024
Sat Oct 26 04:31:34 EDT 2024
Fri Dec 06 06:00:51 EST 2024
Sat Nov 02 12:24:33 EDT 2024
Sat Aug 24 01:05:56 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 5
Keywords emergency medical services
prehospital
Respiratory distress
stridor
California
protocols
wheezing
evidence‐based
pediatric
Language English
License Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
2020 The Authors. JACEP Open published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of the American College of Emergency Physicians.
This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c4863-bfc94abf11a99034811f896c9adf06d5e149e462eecb482600213ff60ddb34693
Notes JACEP Open
The authors have stated that no such relationships exist.
policy, all authors are required to disclose any and all commercial, financial, and other relationships in any way related to the subject of this article as per ICMJE conflict of interest guidelines (see
By
Meeting presented at the 2018 National Emergency Medical Services Physicians (NAEMSP) Annual Conference, San Diego, California.
Supervising Editor: Angela Lumba‐Brown, MD.
www.icmje.org
Funding and support
ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
Funding and support: ByJACEP Open policy, all authors are required to disclose any and all commercial, financial, and other relationships in any way related to the subject of this article as per ICMJE conflict of interest guidelines (see www.icmje.org). The authors have stated that no such relationships exist.
ORCID 0000-0002-9976-2448
OpenAccessLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7593477/
PMID 33145546
PQID 2457684677
PQPubID 23479
PageCount 10
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_fb879ba97d0a49b49f442294f4ff352b
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7593477
proquest_miscellaneous_2457684677
crossref_primary_10_1002_emp2_12103
pubmed_primary_33145546
wiley_primary_10_1002_emp2_12103_EMP212103
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate October 2020
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2020-10-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 10
  year: 2020
  text: October 2020
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace United States
PublicationPlace_xml – name: United States
– name: Hoboken
PublicationTitle Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open
PublicationTitleAlternate J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open
PublicationYear 2020
Publisher John Wiley and Sons Inc
Wiley
Publisher_xml – name: John Wiley and Sons Inc
– name: Wiley
References 2012; 2012
2017; 4
2004; 8
2004; 26
2006; 295
2013; 167
2008; 34
2005; 21
2014; 133
2012; 13
2003; 111
2012; 129
2014; 134
2018; 8
1983; 102
2010; 25
2013; 17
2015; 82
2001
2000
2006; 22
2008; 26
2016; 116
2014; 18
2003; 41
2007; 24
2007; 25
2006; 96
2015; 16
2001; 164
2002; 9
2012
2002; 30
2005; 90
2010; 125
2011; 83
1998; 339
2008; 12
2006
2005
2002
1995; 2
2016; 17
2018; 22
2006; 118
2008; 93
1991; 7
1996; 12
2005; 46
2018; 19
2012; 110
2000; 36
2002; 20
2005; 9
2019; 48
2008; 47
2016
2011; 46
2016; 138
2014
2011; 48
2013
2018; 10
2009; 37
2016; 67
Rodenberg H (e_1_2_8_37_1) 2002; 20
Gadomski AM (e_1_2_8_23_1) 2014
e_1_2_8_24_1
Normansell R (e_1_2_8_59_1) 2016
e_1_2_8_26_1
e_1_2_8_49_1
Torres S (e_1_2_8_50_1) 2012; 110
Dieckmann RA (e_1_2_8_3_1) 2000
Iramain R (e_1_2_8_39_1) 2011; 48
e_1_2_8_5_1
Everard ML (e_1_2_8_28_1) 2005
Rowe BH (e_1_2_8_47_1) 2000
Mohammed S (e_1_2_8_48_1) 2007; 24
e_1_2_8_7_1
Becker AB (e_1_2_8_67_1) 1983; 102
e_1_2_8_66_1
Pedersen MB (e_1_2_8_31_1) 2017; 4
e_1_2_8_22_1
e_1_2_8_45_1
e_1_2_8_62_1
e_1_2_8_41_1
e_1_2_8_60_1
e_1_2_8_13_1
e_1_2_8_57_1
Thompson M (e_1_2_8_36_1) 2004; 26
Kornberg AE (e_1_2_8_68_1) 1991; 7
Moore M (e_1_2_8_17_1) 2006
Hardasmalani MD (e_1_2_8_33_1) 2005; 21
e_1_2_8_70_1
Cates CJ (e_1_2_8_35_1) 2013
e_1_2_8_32_1
e_1_2_8_55_1
e_1_2_8_11_1
e_1_2_8_34_1
e_1_2_8_53_1
Smith D (e_1_2_8_69_1) 2003; 41
e_1_2_8_30_1
e_1_2_8_29_1
Gates A (e_1_2_8_15_1) 2018; 8
e_1_2_8_46_1
Teoh L (e_1_2_8_40_1) 2012
Gray MP (e_1_2_8_54_1) 2016; 138
Ali S (e_1_2_8_16_1) 2018; 10
e_1_2_8_2_1
e_1_2_8_4_1
Zoorob R (e_1_2_8_9_1) 2011; 83
e_1_2_8_6_1
Savino PB (e_1_2_8_14_1) 2015; 16
e_1_2_8_42_1
Griffiths B (e_1_2_8_43_1) 2013
e_1_2_8_44_1
e_1_2_8_65_1
e_1_2_8_63_1
Warner GS (e_1_2_8_64_1) 2010; 25
Markenson D (e_1_2_8_38_1) 2004; 8
e_1_2_8_61_1
e_1_2_8_18_1
Neto GM (e_1_2_8_19_1) 2002; 9
Chavasse R (e_1_2_8_25_1) 2002
e_1_2_8_58_1
Rowe BH (e_1_2_8_52_1) 2001
Mussman GM (e_1_2_8_21_1) 2013; 167
Del Vecchio MT (e_1_2_8_27_1) 2012; 2012
Bjornson C (e_1_2_8_8_1) 2013
Blitz M (e_1_2_8_51_1) 2005
e_1_2_8_10_1
e_1_2_8_56_1
e_1_2_8_12_1
Fauroux B (e_1_2_8_20_1) 2001; 164
e_1_2_8_71_1
References_xml – volume: 138
  issue: 5
  year: 2016
  article-title: Improving guideline‐based care of acute asthma in a pediatric emergency department
  publication-title: Pediatrics
– volume: 12
  start-page: 269
  issue: 3
  year: 2008
  end-page: 276
  article-title: The epidemiology of emergency medical services use by children: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
  publication-title: Prehosp Emerg Care
– volume: 19
  start-page: 527
  issue: 3
  year: 2018
  end-page: 541
  article-title: Altered mental status: current evidence‐based recommendations for prehospital care
  publication-title: West J Emerg Med
– volume: 9
  start-page: 386
  issue: 4
  year: 2005
  end-page: 390
  article-title: The efficacy of nebulized albuterol/ipratropium bromide versus albuterol alone in the prehospital treatment of suspected reactive airways disease
  publication-title: Prehosp Emerg Care
– issue: 4
  year: 2005
  article-title: Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– volume: 17
  start-page: 1
  issue: 1
  year: 2013
  end-page: 7
  article-title: The 60‐day temperature‐dependent degradation of midazolam and Lorazepam in the prehospital environment
  publication-title: Prehosp Emerg Care
– volume: 41
  start-page: 706
  issue: 5
  year: 2003
  end-page: 711
  article-title: Intravenous epinephrine in life‐threatening asthma
  publication-title: Ann Emerg Med
– issue: 10
  year: 2013
  article-title: Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– volume: 16
  start-page: 983
  issue: 7
  year: 2015
  end-page: 995
  article-title: Chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: current evidence‐based recommendations for prehospital care
  publication-title: West J Emerg Med
– volume: 164
  start-page: 1874
  issue: 10 pt 1
  year: 2001
  end-page: 1878
  article-title: Chronic stridor caused by laryngomalacia in children: work of breathing and effects of noninvasive ventilatory assistance
  publication-title: Am J Respir Crit Care Med
– volume: 8
  start-page: 34
  issue: 1
  year: 2004
  end-page: 40
  article-title: Albuterol sulfate administration by EMT‐basics: results of a demonstration project
  publication-title: Prehosp Emerg Care
– volume: 4
  issue: 4
  year: 2017
  article-title: Comparison of CPAP and HFNC in management of bronchiolitis in infants and young children
  publication-title: Children (Basel)
– volume: 37
  start-page: S6
  issue: 2 suppl
  year: 2009
  end-page: S17
  article-title: Managing asthma exacerbations in the emergency department: summary of the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 3 guidelines for the management of asthma exacerbations
  publication-title: J Emerg Med
– volume: 102
  start-page: 465
  issue: 3
  year: 1983
  end-page: 469
  article-title: Inhaled salbutamol (albuterol) vs injected epinephrine in the treatment of acute asthma in children
  publication-title: J Pediatr
– volume: 9
  start-page: 873
  issue: 9
  year: 2002
  end-page: 879
  article-title: A randomized controlled trial of mist in the acute treatment of moderate croup
  publication-title: Acad Emerg Med
– volume: 25
  start-page: 6
  issue: 1
  year: 2007
  end-page: 9
  article-title: Bilevel positive airway pressure in the treatment of status asthmaticus in pediatrics
  publication-title: Am J Emerg Med
– volume: 7
  start-page: 1
  issue: 1
  year: 1991
  end-page: 3
  article-title: Effect of injected long‐acting epinephrine in addition to aerosolized albuterol in the treatment of acute asthma in children
  publication-title: Pediatr Emerg Care
– volume: 10
  start-page: 141
  year: 2018
  end-page: 147
  article-title: Prehospital dexamethasone administration in children with croup: a medical record review
  publication-title: Open Access Emerg Med
– volume: 118
  start-page: 2418
  issue: 6
  year: 2006
  end-page: 2423
  article-title: Direct medical costs of bronchiolitis hospitalizations in the United States
  publication-title: Pediatrics
– issue: 1
  year: 2001
  article-title: Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– issue: 3
  year: 2002
  article-title: Short acting beta agonists for recurrent wheeze in children under 2 years of age
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– volume: 2
  start-page: 651
  issue: 7
  year: 1995
  end-page: 656
  article-title: Efficacy of ipratropium bromide in acute childhood asthma: a meta‐analysis
  publication-title: Acad Emerg Med
– volume: 22
  start-page: 786
  issue: 12
  year: 2006
  end-page: 793
  article-title: Single‐dose oral dexamethasone in the emergency management of children with exacerbations of mild to moderate asthma
  publication-title: Pediatr Emerg Care
– volume: 2012
  year: 2012
  article-title: The use of albuterol in young infants hospitalized with acute RSV bronchiolitis
  publication-title: Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis
– issue: 4
  year: 2012
  article-title: Anticholinergic therapy for acute asthma in children
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– issue: 6
  year: 2014
  article-title: Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– issue: 9
  year: 2013
  article-title: Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– volume: 36
  start-page: 191
  issue: 3
  year: 2000
  end-page: 197
  article-title: Intravenous magnesium as an adjuvant in acute bronchospasm: a meta‐analysis
  publication-title: Ann Emerg Med
– volume: 125
  start-page: 342
  issue: 2
  year: 2010
  end-page: 349
  article-title: Bronchiolitis: recent evidence on diagnosis and management
  publication-title: Pediatrics
– volume: 46
  start-page: 29
  issue: 1
  year: 2005
  end-page: 36
  article-title: Clinical efficacy of racemic albuterol versus levalbuterol for the treatment of acute pediatric asthma
  publication-title: Ann Emerg Med
– issue: 3
  year: 2006
  article-title: Humidified air inhalation for treating croup
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– volume: 339
  start-page: 1030
  issue: 15
  year: 1998
  end-page: 1035
  article-title: Effect of nebulized ipratropium on the hospitalization rates of children with asthma
  publication-title: N Engl J Med
– issue: 8
  year: 2013
  article-title: Combined inhaled anticholinergics and short‐acting beta2‐agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– volume: 116
  start-page: 171
  issue: 2
  year: 2016
  end-page: 172
  article-title: Single‐dose oral dexamethasone is effective in preventing relapse after acute asthma exacerbations
  publication-title: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol
– volume: 96
  start-page: 454
  issue: 3
  year: 2006
  end-page: 459
  article-title: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of status asthmaticus in children
  publication-title: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol
– volume: 48
  start-page: e128
  issue: 3
  year: 2019
  end-page: e134
  article-title: Controversies in Pediatric Asthma
  publication-title: Pediatr Ann
– volume: 48
  start-page: 298
  issue: 3
  year: 2011
  end-page: 303
  article-title: Inhaled salbutamol plus ipratropium in moderate and severe asthma crises in children
  publication-title: J Asthma
– volume: 129
  start-page: 671
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  end-page: 680
  article-title: Triage nurse initiation of corticosteroids in pediatric asthma is associated with improved emergency department efficiency
  publication-title: Pediatrics
– volume: 83
  start-page: 1067
  issue: 9
  year: 2011
  end-page: 1073
  article-title: Croup: an overview
  publication-title: Am Fam Physician
– volume: 18
  start-page: 52
  issue: 1
  year: 2014
  end-page: 59
  article-title: Characteristics of the pediatric patients treated by the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network's affiliated EMS agencies
  publication-title: Prehosp Emerg Care
– volume: 18
  start-page: 1269
  issue: 11
  year: 2014
  end-page: 1278
  article-title: Global burden of asthma among children
  publication-title: Int J Tuberc Lung Dis
– year: 2000
– issue: 3
  year: 2005
  article-title: Anticholinergic drugs for wheeze in children under the age of two years
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– volume: 25
  start-page: 87
  issue: 1
  year: 2010
  end-page: 91
  article-title: Evaluation of the effect of prehospital application of continuous positive airway pressure therapy in acute respiratory distress
  publication-title: Prehosp Disaster Med
– volume: 30
  start-page: 448
  issue: 2
  year: 2002
  end-page: 453
  article-title: Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of intravenous salbutamol and nebulized ipratropium bromide in early management of severe acute asthma in children presenting to an emergency department
  publication-title: Crit Care Med
– issue: 2
  year: 2000
  article-title: Magnesium sulfate for treating exacerbations of acute asthma in the emergency department
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– volume: 24
  start-page: 823
  issue: 12
  year: 2007
  end-page: 830
  article-title: Intravenous and nebulised magnesium sulphate for acute asthma: systematic review and meta‐analysis
  publication-title: Emerg Med J
– volume: 13
  start-page: 393
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  end-page: 398
  article-title: Safety, efficacy, and tolerability of early initiation of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in pediatric patients admitted with status asthmaticus: a pilot study
  publication-title: Pediatr Crit Care Med
– volume: 47
  start-page: 817
  issue: 8
  year: 2008
  end-page: 823
  article-title: A comparison of oral dexamethasone with oral prednisone in pediatric asthma exacerbations treated in the emergency department
  publication-title: Clin Pediatr (Phila)
– volume: 34
  start-page: 1865
  issue: 10
  year: 2008
  end-page: 1872
  article-title: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure decreases respiratory muscles overload in young infants with severe acute viral bronchiolitis
  publication-title: Intensive Care Med
– volume: 82
  start-page: 737
  issue: 8
  year: 2015
  end-page: 744
  article-title: Upper airway obstruction in children
  publication-title: Indian J Pediatr
– issue: 5
  year: 2016
  article-title: Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– volume: 110
  start-page: 291
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  end-page: 296
  article-title: Effectiveness of magnesium sulfate as initial treatment of acute severe asthma in children, conducted in a tertiary‐level university hospital: a randomized, controlled trial
  publication-title: Arch Argent Pediatr
– volume: 26
  start-page: 271
  issue: 3
  year: 2004
  end-page: 277
  article-title: A preliminary comparison of levalbuterol and albuterol in prehospital care
  publication-title: J Emerg Med
– volume: 167
  start-page: 414
  issue: 5
  year: 2013
  end-page: 421
  article-title: Suctioning and length of stay in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis
  publication-title: JAMA Pediatr
– volume: 8
  year: 2018
  article-title: Glucocorticoids for croup in children
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– volume: 46
  start-page: 949
  issue: 10
  year: 2011
  end-page: 955
  article-title: Non‐invasive ventilation in pediatric status asthmaticus: a prospective observational study
  publication-title: Pediatr Pulmonol
– volume: 20
  start-page: 481
  issue: 5
  year: 2002
  end-page: 483
  article-title: Effect of levalbuterol on prehospital patient parameters
  publication-title: Am J Emerg Med
– volume: 26
  start-page: 566
  issue: 5
  year: 2008
  end-page: 573
  article-title: Alteration in prehospital drug concentration after thermal exposure
  publication-title: Am J Emerg Med
– volume: 67
  start-page: 593
  issue: 5
  year: 2016
  end-page: 601
  article-title: A randomized trial of single‐dose oral dexamethasone versus multidose prednisolone for acute exacerbations of asthma in children who attend the emergency department
  publication-title: Ann Emerg Med
– volume: 21
  start-page: 415
  issue: 7
  year: 2005
  end-page: 419
  article-title: Levalbuterol versus racemic albuterol in the treatment of acute exacerbation of asthma in children
  publication-title: Pediatr Emerg Care
– volume: 12
  start-page: 263
  issue: 4
  year: 1996
  end-page: 267
  article-title: Delivery of albuterol in a pediatric emergency department
  publication-title: Pediatr Emerg Care
– volume: 134
  start-page: e1474
  issue: 5
  year: 2014
  end-page: e1502
  article-title: Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis
  publication-title: Pediatrics
– volume: 93
  start-page: 45
  issue: 1
  year: 2008
  end-page: 47
  article-title: Randomised controlled trial of nasal continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) in bronchiolitis
  publication-title: Arch Dis Child
– volume: 17
  start-page: 104
  issue: 2
  year: 2016
  end-page: 128
  article-title: Acute stroke: current evidence‐based recommendations for prehospital care
  publication-title: West J Emerg Med
– volume: 295
  start-page: 1274
  issue: 11
  year: 2006
  end-page: 1280
  article-title: Controlled delivery of high vs low humidity vs mist therapy for croup in emergency departments: a randomized controlled trial
  publication-title: JAMA
– volume: 90
  start-page: 74
  issue: 1
  year: 2005
  end-page: 77
  article-title: A meta‐analysis on intravenous magnesium sulphate for treating acute asthma
  publication-title: Arch Dis Child
– volume: 22
  start-page: 457
  issue: 4
  year: 2018
  end-page: 465
  article-title: Implementation of a prehospital protocol change for asthmatic children
  publication-title: Prehosp Emerg Care
– volume: 111
  start-page: e45
  issue: 1
  year: 2003
  end-page: e51
  article-title: Bronchiolitis management preferences and the influence of pulse oximetry and respiratory rate on the decision to admit
  publication-title: Pediatrics
– volume: 133
  start-page: 493
  issue: 3
  year: 2014
  end-page: 499
  article-title: Dexamethasone for acute asthma exacerbations in children: a meta‐analysis
  publication-title: Pediatrics
– ident: e_1_2_8_30_1
  doi: 10.1007/s00134-008-1201-x
– start-page: CD003898
  issue: 4
  year: 2005
  ident: e_1_2_8_51_1
  article-title: Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Blitz M
– volume: 138
  issue: 5
  year: 2016
  ident: e_1_2_8_54_1
  article-title: Improving guideline‐based care of acute asthma in a pediatric emergency department
  publication-title: Pediatrics
  contributor:
    fullname: Gray MP
– ident: e_1_2_8_10_1
  doi: 10.3928/19382359-20190226-01
– start-page: CD002873
  issue: 3
  year: 2002
  ident: e_1_2_8_25_1
  article-title: Short acting beta agonists for recurrent wheeze in children under 2 years of age
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Chavasse R
– volume: 41
  start-page: 706
  issue: 5
  year: 2003
  ident: e_1_2_8_69_1
  article-title: Intravenous epinephrine in life‐threatening asthma
  publication-title: Ann Emerg Med
  doi: 10.1067/mem.2003.144
  contributor:
    fullname: Smith D
– ident: e_1_2_8_5_1
  doi: 10.1007/s12098-015-1811-6
– ident: e_1_2_8_49_1
  doi: 10.1136/adc.2004.050005
– ident: e_1_2_8_4_1
  doi: 10.1080/10903120802100167
– volume: 10
  start-page: 141
  year: 2018
  ident: e_1_2_8_16_1
  article-title: Prehospital dexamethasone administration in children with croup: a medical record review
  publication-title: Open Access Emerg Med
  doi: 10.2147/OAEM.S168728
  contributor:
    fullname: Ali S
– ident: e_1_2_8_61_1
  doi: 10.1080/10903127.2017.1408727
– volume: 25
  start-page: 87
  issue: 1
  year: 2010
  ident: e_1_2_8_64_1
  article-title: Evaluation of the effect of prehospital application of continuous positive airway pressure therapy in acute respiratory distress
  publication-title: Prehosp Disaster Med
  doi: 10.1017/S1049023X00007731
  contributor:
    fullname: Warner GS
– start-page: CD001279
  issue: 3
  year: 2005
  ident: e_1_2_8_28_1
  article-title: Anticholinergic drugs for wheeze in children under the age of two years
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Everard ML
– ident: e_1_2_8_2_1
  doi: 10.3109/10903127.2013.836262
– ident: e_1_2_8_7_1
  doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-1193
– volume: 4
  issue: 4
  year: 2017
  ident: e_1_2_8_31_1
  article-title: Comparison of CPAP and HFNC in management of bronchiolitis in infants and young children
  publication-title: Children (Basel)
  contributor:
    fullname: Pedersen MB
– ident: e_1_2_8_45_1
  doi: 10.1080/10903120500255404
– ident: e_1_2_8_53_1
  doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-2347
– ident: e_1_2_8_60_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2015.11.015
– ident: e_1_2_8_63_1
  doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60913-1
– ident: e_1_2_8_66_1
  doi: 10.1002/ppul.21466
– volume: 7
  start-page: 1
  issue: 1
  year: 1991
  ident: e_1_2_8_68_1
  article-title: Effect of injected long‐acting epinephrine in addition to aerosolized albuterol in the treatment of acute asthma in children
  publication-title: Pediatr Emerg Care
  doi: 10.1097/00006565-199102000-00001
  contributor:
    fullname: Kornberg AE
– ident: e_1_2_8_62_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2006.07.001
– volume: 26
  start-page: 271
  issue: 3
  year: 2004
  ident: e_1_2_8_36_1
  article-title: A preliminary comparison of levalbuterol and albuterol in prehospital care
  publication-title: J Emerg Med
  doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2003.11.019
  contributor:
    fullname: Thompson M
– volume: 48
  start-page: 298
  issue: 3
  year: 2011
  ident: e_1_2_8_39_1
  article-title: Inhaled salbutamol plus ipratropium in moderate and severe asthma crises in children
  publication-title: J Asthma
  doi: 10.3109/02770903.2011.555037
  contributor:
    fullname: Iramain R
– ident: e_1_2_8_71_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2007.09.004
– start-page: CD006619
  issue: 10
  year: 2013
  ident: e_1_2_8_8_1
  article-title: Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Bjornson C
– ident: e_1_2_8_29_1
  doi: 10.1136/adc.2005.091231
– ident: e_1_2_8_6_1
  doi: 10.5588/ijtld.14.0170
– start-page: CD000195
  issue: 1
  year: 2001
  ident: e_1_2_8_52_1
  article-title: Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Rowe BH
– ident: e_1_2_8_44_1
  doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1995.tb03607.x
– ident: e_1_2_8_46_1
  doi: 10.1067/mem.2000.109170
– ident: e_1_2_8_12_1
  doi: 10.5811/westjem.2015.12.28995
– volume: 8
  start-page: 34
  issue: 1
  year: 2004
  ident: e_1_2_8_38_1
  article-title: Albuterol sulfate administration by EMT‐basics: results of a demonstration project
  publication-title: Prehosp Emerg Care
  doi: 10.1080/312703002181
  contributor:
    fullname: Markenson D
– start-page: CD001266
  issue: 6
  year: 2014
  ident: e_1_2_8_23_1
  article-title: Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Gadomski AM
– ident: e_1_2_8_41_1
  doi: 10.1056/NEJM199810083391503
– ident: e_1_2_8_56_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.08.001
– ident: e_1_2_8_26_1
  doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-2092
– ident: e_1_2_8_18_1
  doi: 10.1001/jama.295.11.1274
– ident: e_1_2_8_57_1
  doi: 10.1177/0009922808316988
– volume: 16
  start-page: 983
  issue: 7
  year: 2015
  ident: e_1_2_8_14_1
  article-title: Chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: current evidence‐based recommendations for prehospital care
  publication-title: West J Emerg Med
  doi: 10.5811/westjem.2015.8.27971
  contributor:
    fullname: Savino PB
– ident: e_1_2_8_34_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.02.001
– volume-title: Pediatric Education for Prehospital Professionals: PEPP Textbook
  year: 2000
  ident: e_1_2_8_3_1
  contributor:
    fullname: Dieckmann RA
– volume: 83
  start-page: 1067
  issue: 9
  year: 2011
  ident: e_1_2_8_9_1
  article-title: Croup: an overview
  publication-title: Am Fam Physician
  contributor:
    fullname: Zoorob R
– ident: e_1_2_8_11_1
  doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2742
– start-page: CD003797
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  ident: e_1_2_8_40_1
  article-title: Anticholinergic therapy for acute asthma in children
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Teoh L
– volume: 20
  start-page: 481
  issue: 5
  year: 2002
  ident: e_1_2_8_37_1
  article-title: Effect of levalbuterol on prehospital patient parameters
  publication-title: Am J Emerg Med
  doi: 10.1053/ajem.2002.32648
  contributor:
    fullname: Rodenberg H
– ident: e_1_2_8_22_1
  doi: 10.1542/peds.111.1.e45
– ident: e_1_2_8_42_1
  doi: 10.1097/00003246-200202000-00030
– ident: e_1_2_8_65_1
  doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e318238b07a
– volume: 9
  start-page: 873
  issue: 9
  year: 2002
  ident: e_1_2_8_19_1
  article-title: A randomized controlled trial of mist in the acute treatment of moderate croup
  publication-title: Acad Emerg Med
  doi: 10.1197/aemj.9.9.873
  contributor:
    fullname: Neto GM
– start-page: CD001490
  issue: 2
  year: 2000
  ident: e_1_2_8_47_1
  article-title: Magnesium sulfate for treating exacerbations of acute asthma in the emergency department
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Rowe BH
– ident: e_1_2_8_24_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.06.105
– start-page: CD002870
  issue: 3
  year: 2006
  ident: e_1_2_8_17_1
  article-title: Humidified air inhalation for treating croup
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Moore M
– ident: e_1_2_8_13_1
  doi: 10.5811/westjem.2018.1.36559
– ident: e_1_2_8_32_1
  doi: 10.1097/00006565-199608000-00007
– ident: e_1_2_8_70_1
  doi: 10.3109/10903127.2012.722177
– volume: 8
  start-page: CD001955
  year: 2018
  ident: e_1_2_8_15_1
  article-title: Glucocorticoids for croup in children
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Gates A
– volume: 24
  start-page: 823
  issue: 12
  year: 2007
  ident: e_1_2_8_48_1
  article-title: Intravenous and nebulised magnesium sulphate for acute asthma: systematic review and meta‐analysis
  publication-title: Emerg Med J
  doi: 10.1136/emj.2007.052050
  contributor:
    fullname: Mohammed S
– start-page: CD000052
  issue: 9
  year: 2013
  ident: e_1_2_8_35_1
  article-title: Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Cates CJ
– start-page: CD000060
  issue: 8
  year: 2013
  ident: e_1_2_8_43_1
  article-title: Combined inhaled anticholinergics and short‐acting beta2‐agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Griffiths B
– volume: 110
  start-page: 291
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  ident: e_1_2_8_50_1
  article-title: Effectiveness of magnesium sulfate as initial treatment of acute severe asthma in children, conducted in a tertiary‐level university hospital: a randomized, controlled trial
  publication-title: Arch Argent Pediatr
  doi: 10.5546/aap.2012.eng.291
  contributor:
    fullname: Torres S
– volume: 164
  start-page: 1874
  issue: 10
  year: 2001
  ident: e_1_2_8_20_1
  article-title: Chronic stridor caused by laryngomalacia in children: work of breathing and effects of noninvasive ventilatory assistance
  publication-title: Am J Respir Crit Care Med
  doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2012141
  contributor:
    fullname: Fauroux B
– start-page: CD011801
  issue: 5
  year: 2016
  ident: e_1_2_8_59_1
  article-title: Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  contributor:
    fullname: Normansell R
– volume: 21
  start-page: 415
  issue: 7
  year: 2005
  ident: e_1_2_8_33_1
  article-title: Levalbuterol versus racemic albuterol in the treatment of acute exacerbation of asthma in children
  publication-title: Pediatr Emerg Care
  doi: 10.1097/01.pec.0000169433.91196.6a
  contributor:
    fullname: Hardasmalani MD
– volume: 167
  start-page: 414
  issue: 5
  year: 2013
  ident: e_1_2_8_21_1
  article-title: Suctioning and length of stay in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis
  publication-title: JAMA Pediatr
  doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.36
  contributor:
    fullname: Mussman GM
– ident: e_1_2_8_55_1
  doi: 10.1097/01.pec.0000248683.09895.08
– volume: 102
  start-page: 465
  issue: 3
  year: 1983
  ident: e_1_2_8_67_1
  article-title: Inhaled salbutamol (albuterol) vs injected epinephrine in the treatment of acute asthma in children
  publication-title: J Pediatr
  doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80679-9
  contributor:
    fullname: Becker AB
– volume: 2012
  start-page: 585901
  year: 2012
  ident: e_1_2_8_27_1
  article-title: The use of albuterol in young infants hospitalized with acute RSV bronchiolitis
  publication-title: Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis
  doi: 10.1155/2012/585901
  contributor:
    fullname: Del Vecchio MT
– ident: e_1_2_8_58_1
  doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-2273
SSID ssj0002511788
Score 2.216111
Snippet Objectives Prehospital protocols vary across local emergency medical service (EMS) agencies in California. We sought to develop evidence‐based recommendations...
Prehospital protocols vary across local emergency medical service (EMS) agencies in California. We sought to develop evidence-based recommendations for the...
Abstract Objectives Prehospital protocols vary across local emergency medical service (EMS) agencies in California. We sought to develop evidence‐based...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
crossref
pubmed
wiley
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 955
SubjectTerms California
emergency medical services
evidence‐based
Original Research
pediatric
Pediatrics
prehospital
protocols
Respiratory distress
stridor
wheezing
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV3LSsQwFA3iQtyIb-uLiK6EwTZJH3GnogzCiAsFdyFpEnQxrTgzez_Bb_RLvDftvFB046aENrRJTpp7Dzc5l5CTQjOTmBQmL5jjDvAN3tFMcyhxCWzMGx4C7b27rPsobp_Sp5lUX7gnrJEHbgbuzJsil0bL3MZaSCOkF4IxKbzwHpwHE1bfmM2QKVyD0XEGcjfRI2Vnrv_KUEphnB2rtUBBqP8n7_L7JslZ5zVYn5tVstK6jfSiae4aWXDVOlnqtYHxDdKfpNygb9PgObUvzVmQczo9g0Xr0fDz_aP2cHlus4ZQlGuoYU4MqK4sdW2qUaiBVs5SpM39vmsTMA02yePN9cNVt9NmUuiUooDhN76UQhufJBqsD569TXwhs1Jq6-PMpg54khMZc640okDNepZw77PYWsMBMr5FFqu6cjuEpkCoC10mpbUlOF8G3KucWaPTWNtcehuR4_HoqtdGMEM10shMIQYqYBCRSxz4SQ0UuQ43AHrVQq_-gj4iR2PYFPwUGOnQlatHA8UE0iiwAXlEthsYJ5_iHLXZRRaRfA7gubbMP6lenoPwdp5KLvCdp2Eq_NI_dd27Z6G0-x893SPLDHl-2ES4TxaHbyN3AM7Q0ByGef8FnaMMNA
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– databaseName: Wiley Open Access
  dbid: 24P
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1La9wwEB5CAiWX0rRJ6zQtKs0psGQtyQ-FXNKSZSlsyaGB3IRkSU0Oa4d93PsT8hvzSzoje71ZEgq9GGPLL82M5xuN9A3AcWm4TW2GyovueIDxhhgYbgTuCYXRWLAiJtonP_Pxtfxxk91swflqLUzLD9EPuJFlxP81Gbix89M1aaif3nPiRiCqzx3ENTnVL-Dyqh9hIfBcxMKTPEd1wCa85yflp-vLNzxSJO5_CW0-nzT5FMxGbzR6A687GMkuWrnvwZav38KrSZcofwfTvgQHm62T6czdtWtDzth6TRZrlovHPw9NwM1tV0WEEX1DgzoyZ6Z2zHelR7EFeT3HKIyeTn1XkGm-D9ejy1_fx4OussKgkiWKw4ZKSWNDmhr0RrQWNw2lyitlXBjmLvMYN3mZc-8rK0visOepCCEfOmcFilAcwHbd1P4DsAwD7NJUaeVchWDMItwquLMmGxpXqOAS-LrqXX3fEmjoliqZa5KBjjJI4Bt1fN-CSK_jgWb2W3c2pIMtC2WNKtzQSGWlClJyrmSQISCOtAl8WYlNo5FQ5sPUvlnONZcUVqFPKBJ434qxf5QQxNUu8wSKDQFvvMvmmfruNhJxF5kSku55ElXhH9-nLydXPO4d_k_jj7DLKb6PkwePYHsxW_pPCIIW9nPU9b-hiAXk
  priority: 102
  providerName: Wiley-Blackwell
Title Pediatric respiratory distress: California out‐of‐hospital protocols and evidence‐based recommendations
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Femp2.12103
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33145546
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2457684677
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7593477
https://doaj.org/article/fb879ba97d0a49b49f442294f4ff352b
Volume 1
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Nb9QwEB11e0BcEN-EwsoITkjbTWwnjrlB1apCWrQHKvVm2bFNV2qS1X7c-Qn8xv4Sxk6y3RWIA5coSiLZyUwy72XGbwA-lJqazOTovBiOJ8g32ERTzXCPSWRj3rCYaJ99Ky6v-Nfr_PoI8mEtTCzar8zitLmtT5vFTaytXNbVdKgTm85nZyKXjAsxHcEIw-8eRQ-f34CZkdftpEjp1NVLGlQU0tA0h7EgzR3w7l4cinL9f8OYf5ZK7kPYGIMuHsOjHjySz90kn8CRa57Cg1mfHn8G9a7xBlndp9CJXXQrQj6R-5VYpN1u7n7-aj1ubvreISSINrToGWuiG0tc33AUrwixzpJAnuva9W2Y1s_h6uL8-9nlpO-nMKl4iUYwvpJcG59lGmNQWIGb-VIWldTWp4XNHbIlxwvqXGV4GZTraca8L1JrDUPDsRdw3LSNewUkR1pd6iqrrK0QghkEWYJao_NUWyG9TeD98HTVspPNUJ1AMlXBHCqaI4Ev4cHvrghS1_FAu_qheoMrb0ohjZbCpppLw6XnnFLJPfce0aNJ4N1gNoWvRsh36Ma127WiPJApjAQigZedGXdDDW6QgDgw8MFcDs-gN0b57d77EvgYXeEf96fOZ3Ma917_9zAn8JAGih_rB9_A8Wa1dW8RB23MGEaUz8fxL8I4vgO_AeEwDlM
link.rule.ids 230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,11562,27924,27925,46052,46476,50814,50923,53791,53793
linkProvider National Library of Medicine
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwEB6VIgEXxJvwNIIT0nYT24ljblC1WqBb9dBKvVl2bNOVSLLax52fwG_klzB2ku2uQBy4RFZiyYlnnPk-efwNwLtSU5OZHJ0Xw_EI-QYbaaoZtphENuYNixvt09NicsG_XOaXe5APZ2Fi0n5lZgfN9_qgmV3F3Mp5XY2HPLHx2fRQ5JJxIcY34GbOhMy2SHr4AQfUjMxuI0ZKx66e06CjkIayOYwFce6AeLciURTs_xvK_DNZchvExih0fA_u9vCRfOxe8z7sueYB3Jr2G-QPod6U3iCL6010YmfdmZAP5PosFmnXq18_frYeL1d99RASZBta9I0l0Y0lri85ij1CtLMk0Oe6dn0hpuUjuDg-Oj-cjPqKCqOKl2gG4yvJtfFZpjEKhTO4mS9lUUltfVrY3CFfcrygzlWGl0G7nmbM-yK11jA0HXsM-03buKdAciTWpa6yytoKQZhBmCWoNTpPtRXS2wTeDrOr5p1whuokkqkK5lDRHAl8ChO_6RHEruONdvFN9SZX3pRCGi2FTTWXhkvPOaWSe-494keTwJvBbAoXR9jx0I1r10tFeaBTGAtEAk86M26GGtwgAbFj4J132X2C_hgFuHv_S-B9dIV_fJ86mp7R2Hr238O8htuT8-mJOvl8-vU53KGB8Mdswhewv1qs3UtERSvzKq6B33zMD9w
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lj9MwEB7BIq24IN6EpxGckLpJbCeOucGy1fLoqgdW2ptlxzZbiSRVH3d-Ar-RX8LYSbutQBy4RFZiyYlnnPk-efwNwOtKU5ObAp0Xw_EI-QYbaaoZtphENuYNixvtk7Py9Jx_uigudkp9xaT92syO2u_NUTu7jLmV86ZON3li6XRyLArJuBDp3Pr0OtwoGDrZDlEPP-GAnJHdbQVJaeqaOQ1aClkoncNYEOgOqHcnGkXR_r8hzT8TJneBbIxE49twa4CQ5F3_qnfgmmvvwuFk2CS_B822_AZZXG2kEzvrz4W8JVfnsUi3Xv368bPzeLkcKoiQIN3QoX8siW4tcUPZUewRIp4lgUI3jRuKMS3vw_n45Ovx6WioqjCqeYWmML6WXBuf5xojUTiHm_tKlrXU1melLRxyJsdL6lxteBX062nOvC8zaw1D87EHcNB2rXsEpEByXek6r62tEYgZhFqCWqOLTFshvU3g1WZ21bwXz1C9TDJVwRwqmiOB92Hitz2C4HW80S2-qcHsyptKSKOlsJnm0nDpOadUcs-9RwxpEni5MZvCBRJ2PXTruvVSUR4oFcYDkcDD3ozboTZukIDYM_Deu-w_QZ-MItyDDybwJrrCP75PnUymNLYe__cwL-Bw-mGsvnw8-_wEbtLA-WNC4VM4WC3W7hkCo5V5HpfAb0jpEO8
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pediatric+respiratory+distress%3A+California+out%E2%80%90of%E2%80%90hospital+protocols+and+evidence%E2%80%90based+recommendations&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Emergency+Physicians+Open&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Tabitha&rft.au=Farah%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Aldridge%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Tamir%2C+Sharon&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft.issn=2688-1152&rft.eissn=2688-1152&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=955&rft.epage=964&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Femp2.12103&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1002_emp2_12103
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2688-1152&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2688-1152&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2688-1152&client=summon