Epidemiology and Natural History of Penile Cancer

An extensive literature search was performed using the key words squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, phimosis, circumcision, chronic balanitis, cigarette smoking, genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. All selected studies were classified according to the level of evidence (LE). T...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inUrology (Ridgewood, N.J.) Vol. 76; no. 2; pp. S2 - S6
Main Authors Pow-Sang, Mariela R, Ferreira, Ubirajara, Pow-Sang, Julio M, Nardi, Aguinaldo C, Destefano, Victor
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 01.08.2010
Subjects
Disease Progression
Humans
Male
Penile Neoplasms - diagnosis
Penile Neoplasms - epidemiology
Penile Neoplasms - etiology
Risk Factors
Urology
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Summary:An extensive literature search was performed using the key words squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, phimosis, circumcision, chronic balanitis, cigarette smoking, genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. All selected studies were classified according to the level of evidence (LE). The final grades of recommendation were assigned after discussion by the full panel of the International Consultation on Penile Cancer in November 2008. The factors positively associated with invasive penile cancers include the presence of phimosis (LE 3a), tobacco smoking (LE 3a-4), chewing tobacco (LE 3a), injury to the penis (LE 3a), balanitis (LE 3a), genital warts (LE 3a), and high-risk HPV infection (LE 3a-4).
Bibliography:ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-3
content type line 23
ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:0090-4295
1527-9995
DOI:10.1016/j.urology.2010.03.003