The rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume – An ethnopharmacological review

• Published in: Journal of ethnopharmacology Vol. 189; no. NA; pp. 361 - 385
• Main Authors: Zhan, Hong-Dan, Zhou, Hai-Yu, Sui, Yun-Peng, Du, Xin-Liang, Wang, Wei-hao, Dai, Li, Sui, Feng, Huo, Hai-Ru, Jiang, Ting-Liang
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Ireland Elsevier Ireland Ltd 02.08.2016
• Subjects: active ingredients; analgesics; Animals; antidepressants; bioactive compounds; bioactive properties; China; circulatory system; Clinical applications; Disease Models, Animal; epilepsy; Ethnobotany; Ethnopharmacology; Gastrodia - chemistry; Gastrodia elata; Gastrodia elata Blume; headache; herbal medicines; Humans; India; Japan; Korean Peninsula; mechanism of action; Medicine, Traditional; migraine; mountains; new drugs; Oriental traditional medicine; Pharmacology; phenolic compounds; Phytochemicals - isolation & purification; Phytochemicals - pharmacology; Phytochemicals - therapeutic use; Phytochemicals - toxicity; Phytochemistry; Phytotherapy; plant biochemistry; Plant Extracts - isolation & purification; Plant Extracts - pharmacology; Plant Extracts - therapeutic use; Plant Extracts - toxicity; plant taxonomy; Plants, Medicinal; polysaccharides; quality control; Rhizome - chemistry; rhizomes; Risk Assessment; sedatives; therapeutics; Tian ma; Toxicity Tests; toxicology; tubers; China; Japan; Korean Peninsula; India; Gastrodia elata Blume; Parishin (PubChem CID: 44421666); Pharmacology; Vanillin (PubChem CID: 1183); Parishin B (PubChem CID: 44715528); β-sitosterol (PubChem CID: 222284); Parishin C (PubChem CID: 46173915); Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (PubChem CID: 125); Ethnopharmacology; Gastrodin (PubChem CID: 115067); Tian ma; Gastrodamine (PubChem CID: 5702160); Phytochemistry; Clinical applications; Vanillyl alcohol (PubChem CID: 62348); 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (PubChem CID: 126)
• ISSN: 0378-8741; 1872-7573; 1872-7573
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.057

Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) is commonly called Tian ma in Chinese and mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of eastern Asia, such as China, Korea, Japan and India. It is an extensively used traditional Chinese herbal medicine in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, to treat headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy, infantile convulsion, tetany and so on. The present paper reviews the advancements in investigation of botany and ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control of Gastrodia elata Blume. Finally, the possible tendency and perspective for future investigation of this plant are also put forward. The information on Gastrodia elata Blume was collected via piles of resources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ACS, Web of science, ScienceDirect databases, CNKI and others. Plant taxonomy was validated by the databases “The Plant List”, and “Mansfeld’s Encyclopedia”. Over 81 compounds from this plant have been isolated and identified, phenolics and polysaccharides are generally considered as the characteristic and active constituents of Gastrodia elata Blume. Its active compounds possess wide-reaching biological activities, including sedative, hypnotic, antiepileptic, anticonvulsive, antianxietic, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antipsychotic, anti-vertigo, circulatory system modulating, anti-inflammationary, analgesic, antioxidative, memory-improving and antiaging, antivirus and antitumor effects. Despite the publication of various papers on Gastrodia elata Blume, there is still, however, the need for definitive research and clarification of other bioactive compounds using bioactivity-guided isolation strategies, and the possible mechanism of action as well as potential synergistic or antagonistic effects of multi-component mixtures derived from Gastrodia elata Blume need to be evaluated. It is also necessary and important to do more quality control and toxicological study on human subjects in order to maintain its efficacy stable in the body and validate its safety in clinical uses. In addition, more investigations on other parts of this plant beyond the tubers are needed. Further studies on Gastrodia elata Blume will lead to the development of new drugs and therapeutics for various diseases, and how to utilize it better should be paid more attention to. [Display omitted]