Disease and host characteristics as predictors of time to first bone metastasis and death in men with progressive castration‐resistant nonmetastatic prostate cancer

• Published in: Cancer Vol. 117; no. 10; pp. 2077 - 2085
• Main Authors: Smith, Matthew R., Cook, Richard, Lee, Ker‐Ai, Nelson, Joel B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 15.05.2011
• Subjects: Age; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Albumin; Alkaline phosphatase; Androgen Antagonists - therapeutic use; androgen deprivation therapy; Androgens; body mass; Body Mass Index; Bone; Bone cancer; Bone mass; bone metastases; Bone Neoplasms - mortality; Bone Neoplasms - secondary; Bone turnover; Cancer; Castration; Clinical trials; Data processing; Disease Progression; Disease-Free Survival; Hemoglobin; Humans; L-Lactate dehydrogenase; Male; Metastases; Mortality; Multivariate analysis; Prostate cancer; prostate-specific antigen; Prostate-Specific Antigen - analysis; Prostatic Neoplasms - mortality; Prostatic Neoplasms - pathology; Prostatic Neoplasms - surgery; Risk assessment; Survival; Time Factors; Urine; Velocity
• ISSN: 0008-543X; 1097-0142; 1097-0142
• DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25762

BACKGROUND: The natural history of castration‐resistant nonmetastatic prostate cancer is poorly defined. METHODS: The authors used data from 331 subjects in the placebo group of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the relations of disease and host characteristics with time to first bone metastases in men with prostate cancer, rising prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) despite androgen deprivation therapy, and no radiographic evidence of metastases. Relations between baseline covariates and clinical outcomes were assessed by Cox proportional hazard analyses. Covariates in the model were age, body mass index, prior prostatectomy, prior orchiectomy, Gleason score, performance status, PSA, urinary N‐telopeptide, bone alkaline phosphatase, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, and hemoglobin. RESULTS: At 2 years, 46% of subjects had developed bone metastases, and 20% had died. Median bone metastasis‐free survival was 25 months. In multivariate analyses, baseline PSA ≥13.1 ng/mL was associated with shorter overall survival (relative risk [RR], 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.71–3.21; P < .0001), time to first bone metastasis (RR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.43‐2.74; P < .0001), and bone metastasis‐free survival (RR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.45–2.70; P < .0001). PSA velocity was significantly associated with overall and bone metastasis‐free survival. Other covariates were not consistently associated with clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In men with progressive castration‐resistant prostate cancer and no detectable metastases, baseline PSA was significantly associated with time to first bone metastasis, bone metastasis‐free survival, and overall survival. Other disease and host characteristics, including body mass index and bone turnover markers, were not consistently associated with clinical outcomes. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society. By using data from the placebo group of a previously reported international randomized study of men with progressive castration‐resistant prostate cancer and no detectable metastases, the authors observed that baseline prostate‐specific antigen was significantly associated with time to first bone metastasis, bone metastasis‐free survival, and overall survival. Other disease and host characteristics, including body mass index and bone turnover markers, were not consistently associated with clinical outcomes.