Nutrition and the developing brain: nutrient priorities and measurement

• Published in: The American journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 85; no. 2; pp. 614 - 620S
• Main Author: Georgieff, Michael K
• Format: Journal Article Conference Proceeding
• Language: English
• Published: Bethesda, MD American Society for Nutrition 01.02.2007; American Society for Clinical Nutrition
• Subjects: Behavior; Biological and medical sciences; brain; Brain - growth & development; Child; Child, Preschool; Copper; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Female; Fetal Development - physiology; fetus; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; human nutrition; human reproduction; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Iron; literature reviews; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; nutrient deficiencies; nutrients; nutrition assessment; postnatal development; Pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; prenatal development; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Zinc; Human; assessment; Nutrition; Central nervous system; Development; Fetus; Nutrient; neonate; brain; Feeding; Encephalon
• ISSN: 0002-9165; 1938-3207
• DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.2.614s

Nutrients and growth factors regulate brain development during fetal and early postnatal life. The rapidly developing brain is more vulnerable to nutrient insufficiency yet also demonstrates its greatest degree of plasticity. Certain nutrients have greater effects on brain development than do others. These include protein, energy, certain fats, iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, vitamin A, choline, and folate. The effect of any nutrient deficiency or overabundance on brain development will be governed by the principle of timing, dose, and duration. The ability to detect the specific effects of nutrient deficiencies is dependent on knowing which area of the brain is preferentially affected and on having neurologic assessments that tap into the functions of those specific areas. As examples, protein-energy malnutrition causes both global deficits, which are testable by general developmental testing, and area-specific effects on the hippocampus and the cortex. Iron deficiency alters myelination, monoamine neurotransmitter synthesis, and hippocampal energy metabolism in the neonatal period. Assessments of these effects could include tests for speed of processing (myelination), changes in motor and affect (monoamines), and recognition memory (hippocampus). Zinc deficiency alters autonomic nervous system regulation and hippocampal and cerebellar development. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for synaptogenesis, membrane function, and, potentially, myelination. Overall, circuit-specific behavioral and neuroimaging tests are being developed for use in progressively younger infants to more accurately assess the effect of nutrient deficits both while the subject is deficient and after recovery from the deficiency.