Ciguatoxin-Producing Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus in the Beibu Gulf: First Report of Toxic Gambierdiscus in Chinese Waters

• Published in: Toxins Vol. 13; no. 9; p. 643
• Main Authors: Xu, Yixiao, He, Xilin, Lee, Wai Hin, Chan, Leo Lai, Lu, Douding, Wang, Pengbin, Tao, Xiaoping, Li, Huiling, Yu, Kefu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 10.09.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Algae; Beibu Gulf; benthic dinoflagellate; Bioaccumulation; Bioassays; China; Ciguatera; Ciguatera Poisoning; Ciguatoxin; Ciguatoxins - analysis; Coasts; Coral Reefs; Dinoflagellates; Dinoflagellida - chemistry; Dinoflagellida - isolation & purification; Fish; Food contamination & poisoning; Food safety; Gambierdiscus; Islands; Low level; Microorganisms; Morphology; Neuroblastoma; Phylogeny; Physical characteristics; Reef fish; Scanning electron microscopy; Seafood; Species Specificity; Strains (organisms); Toxicity; China; Hong Kong China; South China Sea; Asia; Japan; Hainan Island; ciguatoxin; Chinese waters; morphology; Beibu Gulf; benthic dinoflagellate; phylogeny; Gambierdiscus
• ISSN: 2072-6651; 2072-6651
• DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090643

Ciguatera poisoning is mainly caused by the consumption of reef fish that have accumulated ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by the benthic dinoflagellates and . China has a long history of problems with ciguatera, but research on ciguatera causative organisms is very limited, especially in the Beibu Gulf, where coral reefs have been degraded significantly and CTXs in reef fish have exceeded food safety guidelines. Here, five strains of spp. were collected from Weizhou Island, a ciguatera hotspot in the Beibu Gulf, and identified by light and scanning electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses based on large and small subunit rDNA sequences. Strains showed typical morphological characteristics of , exhibiting a smooth thecal surface, rectangular-shaped 2', almost symmetric 4″, and a large and broad posterior intercalary plate. They clustered in the phylogenetic tree with from other locations. Therefore, these five strains belonged to , a globally distributed species. Toxicity was determined through the mouse neuroblastoma assay and ranged from 0 to 5.40 fg CTX3C eq cell . The low level of toxicity of in Weizhou Island, with CTX-contaminated fish above the regulatory level in the previous study, suggests that the long-term presence of low toxicity might lead to the bioaccumulation of CTXs in fish, which can reach dangerous CTX levels. Alternatively, other highly-toxic, non-sampled strains could be present in these waters. This is the first report on toxic from the Beibu Gulf and Chinese waters and will provide a basis for further research determining effective strategies for ciguatera management in the area.