Ophthalmic manifestations and risk factors for mortality of HIV patients in the post-highly active anti-retroviral therapy era

• Published in: Clinical & experimental ophthalmology Vol. 39; no. 2; pp. 99 - 104
• Main Authors: Lai, Timothy YY, Wong, Raymond LM, Luk, Fiona OJ, Chow, Vanissa WS, Chan, Carmen KM, Lam, Dennis SC
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Melbourne, Australia Blackwell Publishing Asia 01.03.2011; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Acuity; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; AIDS; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections - drug therapy; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections - mortality; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections - virology; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 antigen; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology; CMV retinitis; Cytomegalovirus; Cytomegalovirus Retinitis - mortality; Cytomegalovirus Retinitis - virology; Drug therapy; Eye; Eye diseases; Eye Infections, Viral - drug therapy; Eye Infections, Viral - mortality; Eye Infections, Viral - virology; Female; Follow-Up Studies; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV; HIV Protease Inhibitors - therapeutic use; Hong Kong - epidemiology; Hospitals; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Opportunist infection; Retina; Retinitis; Retrospective Studies; risk factor; Risk Factors; Vascular Diseases - mortality; Vascular Diseases - virology; Vision; Visual Acuity - physiology; Hong Kong
• ISSN: 1442-6404; 1442-9071
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02400.x

Background:  To evaluate the ophthalmic manifestations and risk factors for mortality in HIV patients in the post‐highly active anti‐retrovirus therapy (HAART) era. Design:  Retrospective study. Samples:  151 patients with HIV infection. Methods:  Review of all HIV patients who have attended the Hong Kong Eye Hospital between 2000 and 2007. Main Outcome Measures:  Ocular findings especially opportunistic infections and medical information including mortality during follow up. Results:  At presentation, 139 (92.1%) patients were already diagnosed with HIV and 58 (41.7%) had an AIDS indicator condition. Fifty‐one (33.8%) patients had HIV‐related eye disease on presentation and the leading manifestations were cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and HIV microangiopathy. Low baseline CD4 cell count <100 cells/L was significantly related with HIV‐related ophthalmic manifestations and CMV retinitis at presentation (P < 0.013). 105 patients were followed for 6 months or more and the mean follow‐up was 4.8 years. There was no significant change in visual acuity compared with baseline (P = 0.13). 20 (19.0%) patients had one eye with final visual acuity of 20/200 or worse and the leading cause for poor vision was CMV retinitis. 11 (10.5%) patients died during the follow‐up due to complications of HIV/AIDS. The presence of HIV retinal microangiopathy was significantly associated with mortality (P = 0.005). Conclusions:  CMV retinitis remains the main HIV‐related ocular disease in the post‐HAART era. HIV retinal microangiopathy might be an important prognostic factor for mortality. Appropriate ophthalmic monitoring is justified to detect for ophthalmic complications in HIV patients regardless of HAART use in order for prompt initiation of treatment.