Early weaning stress induces chronic functional diarrhea, intestinal barrier defects, and increased mast cell activity in a porcine model of early life adversity

• Published in: Neurogastroenterology and motility Vol. 29; no. 11
• Main Authors: Pohl, C. S., Medland, J. E., Mackey, E., Edwards, L. L., Bagley, K. D., DeWilde, M. P., Williams, K. J., Moeser, A. J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.11.2017
• Subjects: Adverse childhood experiences; Animals; Cell activation; Cell Count; Colon - pathology; developmental origins of health and disease; Diarrhea; Diarrhea - etiology; Disease Models, Animal; early life adversity; Enteric Nervous System - pathology; Female; Females; Ganglia; Gastrointestinal diseases; Ileum - metabolism; Ileum - pathology; Intestinal Mucosa - metabolism; Intestinal Mucosa - pathology; Intestinal Mucosa - physiopathology; intestinal permeability; Intestine; Intestines - pathology; Intestines - physiopathology; large animal model; Localization; Long-term effects; Male; mast cell; mast cell plexitis; Mast Cells - metabolism; Mast Cells - physiology; Permeability; Stress, Psychological - complications; Sus scrofa; translational research; Tryptase; Tryptases - metabolism; Weaning; mast cell plexitis; intestinal permeability; early life adversity; large animal model; mast cell; developmental origins of health and disease; translational research
• ISSN: 1350-1925; 1365-2982
• DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13118

Background Early life adversity (ELA) is a risk factor for development of gastrointestinal disorders later in life. The underlying mechanisms through which ELA and sex interact to influence disease susceptibility remains poorly understood. Methods Utilizing a porcine early weaning stress (EWS) model to mimic ELA, we investigated the long‐term effects of EWS on functional diarrhea, ileal permeability, mast cell activity and mast cell relationship with enteric ganglia. Key Results Juvenile and adult EWS pigs exhibited chronic, functional diarrhea (EWS 43.6% vs late wean control(LWC) 4.8%, P<.0001), increased intestinal permeability (2 fold increase EWS vs LWC, P<.0001), and mast cell numbers (at 7 weeks and 20 weeks ~1.6 fold increase EWS vs LWC, P<.05). Compared with EWS male castrates (Male‐C), females EWS pigs exhibited more frequent diarrhea (58.8% vs 29.9%, P=.0016), and increased intestinal permeability (1‐2 fold higher in EWS females, P<.001). Increased mast cell numbers and their enhanced co‐localization with neuronal ganglia were observed in both Male‐C and female EWS pigs; however, female pigs exhibited greater release of mast cell tryptase upon activation with c48/80 (~1.5 fold increase, P<.05), compared with Male‐C pigs. Conclusions and Inferences These data demonstrate that pigs exposed to ELA exhibit increased vulnerability to functional diarrhea, intestinal permeability and mast cell activity. Further, these studies also showed that EWS female and Male‐C pigs exhibited dimorphic responses to EWS with female piglets exhibited greater susceptibility and severity of diarrhea, intestinal permeability and mast cell tryptase release. Together, these findings mimic some of the key pathophysiologic findings in human functional GI disorders functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) suggesting that the EWS porcine model could be a valuable preclinical translational model for FGID research associated with ELA. This study demonstrates that early weaning stress in piglets induces lasting alterations in GI function that mimic some of the key features of human FGID's including chronic functional diarrhea, intestinal permeability, and enhanced mast cell activity and localization with enteric nerves. Potential sex differences were evident as females pigs exhibited a more severe clinical and pathophysiological EWS phenotype compared with Male‐C pigs. Therefore the EWS porcine model holds promise as a preclinical translational model for studying the pathophysiology of FGIDs such as IBS‐D that are associated with early life adversity.