Does Macaronesia exist? Conflicting signal in the bryophyte and pteridophyte floras

• Published in: American journal of botany Vol. 94; no. 4; pp. 625 - 639
• Main Authors: Vanderpoorten, A, Rumsey, F.J, Carine, M.A
• Format: Journal Article Web Resource
• Language: English
• Published: United States Botanical Society of America 01.04.2007; Botanical Soc America
• Subjects: Archipelagos; Bayesian theory; biogeography; Biologie végétale (sciences végétales, sylviculture, mycologie...); Bryophyta; Bryophytes; Bryopsida; Canaries; cryptogams; dispersal; Endemic species; Evolution; Flora; Life sciences; Liverworts; Macaronesia; mosses and liverworts; Parsimony; parsimony analysis of endemicity; Phytobiology (plant sciences, forestry, mycology...); Plants; Pteridophyta; refugia; relictualism; Sciences du vivant; sisters; speciation; Systematics and Phytogeography; Taxa; Northern Africa; Cape Verde; Canary Islands; Azores; Cape Verde Is; Macaronesia; Selvagem Is; Madeira; Canary Is
• ISSN: 0002-9122; 1537-2197; 1537-2197
• DOI: 10.3732/ajb.94.4.625

Macaronesia, which includes five mid-Atlantic archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Selvagems, Canaries, and Cape Verdes), has been traditionally recognized as a distinct biogeographic unit whose circumscription has been intimately associated with the hypothesis that the flora is a relict of a formerly broadly distributed subtropical Tertiary flora. The concept of Macaronesia is revisited here using parsimony and Bayesian analyses of floristic data sets for the moss, liverwort, and pteridophyte floras. All analyses reject the monophyly of Macaronesia s.l., resolving the Cape Verdes with tropical Africa. Of the other Macaronesian archipelagos, the liverwort and pteridophyte analyses support, or could not reject, an Azorean-Madeiran-Canarian clade (hereafter Macaronesia s.s.), but the moss analysis resolves the Canary Islands as sister to North Africa, thus rejecting the concept of Macaronesia s.s. for this group. Dynamic interchange of taxa with neighboring continental areas rather than relictualism best explains the relationships of the Cape Verde cryptogamic flora and the Canary Island moss flora. In contrast, relictualism is consistent with a monophyletic Macaronesia s.s. for liverworts and pteridophytes. However, from the limited information available on relationships of endemic cryptogams, this explanation alone may be unsatisfactory. Spatially congruent patterns may, in fact, conceal a complex mixture of relictual distributions and more recent speciation and dispersal events.