Activation Ratio Correlates with IQ in Female Carriers of the FMR1 Premutation

• Published in: Cells (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 12; no. 13; p. 1711
• Main Authors: Protic, Dragana, Polli, Roberta, Hwang, Ye Hyun, Mendoza, Guadalupe, Hagerman, Randi, Durbin-Johnson, Blythe, Hayward, Bruce E, Usdin, Karen, Murgia, Alessandra, Tassone, Flora
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 24.06.2023; MDPI
• Subjects: activation ratio; Alleles; Androgens; Animals; Anxiety; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Autism; CGG; depression; DNA methylation; Enzymes; Female; Females; FMR1 gene; FMR1 mRNA; FMR1 protein; Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein - genetics; Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein - metabolism; Genes; Heterozygote; Intelligence; Methylation; Phenotypes; premutation carriers; Reproducibility of Results; Software; X chromosomes; United States > US; FMR1 mRNA; CGG; methylation; IQ; depression; premutation carriers; activation ratio
• ISSN: 2073-4409; 2073-4409
• DOI: 10.3390/cells12131711

Carriers of the premutation (PM) allele are at risk of one or more clinical conditions referred to as FX premutation-associated conditions (FXPAC). Since the gene is on the X chromosome, the activation ratio (AR) may impact the risk, age of onset, progression, and severity of these conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of AR measured using different approaches and to investigate potential correlations with clinical outcomes. Molecular and clinical assessments were obtained for 30 PM female participants, and AR was assessed using both Southern blot analysis (AR-Sb) and methylation PCR (AR-mPCR). Higher ARs were associated with lower transcript levels for any given repeat length. The higher AR-Sb was significantly associated with performance, verbal, and full-scale IQ scores, confirming previous reports. However, the AR-mPCR was not significantly associated ( > 0.05) with these measures. Similarly, the odds of depression and the number of medical conditions were correlated with higher AR-Sb but not correlated with a higher AR-mPCR. This study suggests that AR-Sb may be a more reliable measure of the AR in female carriers of PM alleles. However, further studies are warranted in a larger sample size to fully evaluate the methylation status in these participants and how it may affect the clinical phenotype.