Influence of triazines and lipopolysaccharide coexposure on inflammatory response and histopathological changes in the testis and liver of BalB/c mice

• Published in: Heliyon Vol. 10; no. 2; p. e24431
• Main Authors: Abarikwu, Sunny O., Mgbudom-Okah, Chidimma J., Ndufeiya-Kumasi, Lauritta C., Monye, Vivian E., Aruoren, Oke, Ezim, Ogechukwu E., Omeodu, Stephen I., Charles, Iniobong A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 30.01.2024; Elsevier
• Subjects: Infectious disease; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharide; Liver; Testes; Triazines; Triazines; Lipopolysaccharide; Infectious disease; Inflammation; Testes; Liver
• ISSN: 2405-8440; 2405-8440
• DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24431

Triazines are environmental active chemicals that have been reported to alter the inflammatory status of the gonads. We tested the anti-inflammatory effect of the triazines (atrazine; ATZ, simazine; SMZ and cyanazine; CYZ) on the testis and compared it with the more classical liver model that has substantial populations of resident macrophages comparable to the testis. BalB/c mice were treated with 25 mg/kg ATZ, SMZ and CYZ for 30 days and injected with lipopolysaccharide (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) 6 h before sacrifice. Myeloperoxidase activity and nitric oxide level in the testis and liver homogenates were determined by spectrophotometry whereas tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 concentrations were evaluated by immunoassay. Haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of the tissues were observed using a light microscope. Myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 levels were decreased in the liver and testis of the triazines co-treated animals. SMZ has the most potent inhibitory effect and ATZ the least effect on inflammatory mediators in both tissues. Microscopic evaluation showed loss of inflammatory cells in the inter-tubular areas of the testis and few patchy masses of infiltrating inflammatory cells around the central vein of the liver. Triazines inhibit the levels of inflammatory mediators in the testis and liver of mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of triazines in a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation model was established in this study. •Anti-Inflammatory effects of triazines were examined in mice liver and testis.•Triazines inhibited inflammatory mediators, TNF-α, IL-6, myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide.•Simazine has higher anti-inflammatory effects than atrazine and cyanazine in the liver.•Immune-suppressive effects were accompanied with sparse aggregates of inflammatory cells.•Triazines exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects in the liver than testis.