The Stage-Based Model of Addiction-Using Drosophila to Investigate Alcohol and Psychostimulant Responses

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 24; no. 13; p. 10909
• Main Authors: Cummins-Beebee, Pearl N, Chvilicek, Maggie M, Rothenfluh, Adrian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 30.06.2023; MDPI
• Subjects: Abstinence; addiction; Addictions; Addictive behaviors; Alcohol; anhedonia; Animals; assays; Behavior; Behavior, Addictive - genetics; Brain research; Cocaine; CRISPR; Disease; Drosophila; Drosophila melanogaster - genetics; Drug addiction; Drug use; Drug withdrawal; Emotions; Ethanol; Fruit flies; Genes; Genetic engineering; Genomes; Humans; Insects; Intoxication; Mammals; Molecular modelling; Neurobiology; Review; Signs and symptoms; Substance use; substance use disorder; Substance-Related Disorders; Withdrawal; substance use disorder; assays; Drosophila; addiction; anhedonia
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310909

Addiction is a progressive and complex disease that encompasses a wide range of disorders and symptoms, including substance use disorder (SUD), for which there are few therapeutic treatments. SUD is the uncontrolled and chronic use of substances despite the negative consequences resulting from this use. The progressive nature of addiction is organized into a testable framework, the neurobiological stage-based model, that includes three behavioral stages: (1) binge/intoxication, (2) withdrawal/negative affect, and (3) preoccupation/anticipation. Human studies offer limited opportunities for mechanistic insights into these; therefore, model organisms, like , are necessary for understanding SUD. is a powerful model organism that displays a variety of SUD-like behaviors consistent with human and mammalian substance use, making flies a great candidate to study mechanisms of behavior. Additionally, there are an abundance of genetic tools like the GAL4/UAS and CRISPR/Cas9 systems that can be used to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the endophenotypes of the three-stage model. This review uses the three-stage framework and discusses how easily testable endophenotypes have been examined with experiments using , and it outlines their potential for investigating other endophenotypes.