Boundaries in space and time: Iconic biases across modalities

• Published in: Cognition Vol. 210; p. 104596
• Main Authors: Kuhn, Jeremy, Geraci, Carlo, Schlenker, Philippe, Strickland, Brent
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.05.2021; Elsevier Science Ltd; Elsevier
• Subjects: 20th century; Balls; Bias; Boundaries; Cognitive biases; Count/mass; Count/Mass distinction; Event and object boundaries; Experiments; Gestures; Grammatical categories; Humanities and Social Sciences; Language; Language universals; Linguistics; Mapping; Nouns; Property; Referents; Sign language; Spoken language; Syntactic processing; Telicity; Telicity; Sign language; Cognitive biases; Count/mass; Event and object boundaries; Language universals
• ISSN: 0010-0277; 1873-7838; 1873-7838
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104596

The idea that the form of a word reflects information about its meaning has its roots in Platonic philosophy, and has been experimentally investigated for concrete, sensory-based properties since the early 20th century. Here, we provide evidence for an abstract property of ‘boundedness’ that introduces a systematic, iconic bias on the phonological expectations of a novel lexicon. We show that this abstract property is general across events and objects. In Experiment 1, we show that subjects are systematically more likely to associate sign language signs that end with a gestural boundary with telic verbs (denoting events with temporal boundaries, e.g., die, arrive) and with count nouns (denoting objects with spatial boundaries, e.g., ball, coin). In Experiments 2–3, we show that this iconic mapping acts on conceptual representations, not on grammatical features. Specifically, the mapping does not carry over to psychological nouns (e.g. people are not more likely to associate a gestural boundary with idea than with knowledge). Although these psychological nouns are still syntactically encoded as either count or mass, they do not denote objects that are conceived of as having spatial boundaries. The mapping bias thus breaks down. Experiments 4–5 replicate these findings with a new set of stimuli. Finally, in Experiments 6–11, we explore possible extensions to a similar bias for spoken language stimuli, with mixed results. Generally, the results here suggest that ‘boundedness’ of words' referents (in space or time) has a powerful effect on intuitions regarding the form that the words should take. •Non-signers intuit the semantics (telicity) of sign language verbs from their form.•The same gestural cues influence subjects' categorization of nouns as count or mass.•These biases disappear for psych nouns, whose referents have no physical boundaries.•A similar bias is tentatively observed for phonological stops in spoken language.•Abstract boundaries of events and objects bias expectations of the form of language.