Influence of Sulfur-Curing Conditions on the Dynamics and Crosslinking of Rubber Networks: A Time-Domain NMR Study

• Published in: Polymers Vol. 14; no. 4; p. 767
• Main Authors: Nardelli, Francesca, Calucci, Lucia, Carignani, Elisa, Borsacchi, Silvia, Cettolin, Mattia, Arimondi, Marco, Giannini, Luca, Geppi, Marco, Martini, Francesca
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 16.02.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Access to information; Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill; Couplings; crosslink density; Crosslinking; Curing; Density; Design optimization; double quantum NMR; Elastomers; Equilibrium; Experiments; Glass transition temperature; Isoprene rubber; Mechanical properties; natural rubber; Networks; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; polyisoprene; Polymers; Rubber; Structural analysis; Sulfur; Swelling; Time domain analysis; Vulcanization; Italy; vulcanization; natural rubber; crosslink density; field cycling NMR; polyisoprene; Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill; double quantum NMR
• ISSN: 2073-4360; 2073-4360
• DOI: 10.3390/polym14040767

The characterization of the structural and dynamic properties of rubber networks is of fundamental importance in rubber science and technology to design materials with optimized mechanical properties. In this work, natural and isoprene rubber networks obtained by curing at three different temperatures (140, 150, and 170 °C) and three different sulfur contents (1, 2, and 3 phr) in the presence of a 3 phr accelerator were studied using a combination of low-field time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) techniques, including H multiple-quantum experiments for the measurement of residual dipolar couplings ( ), the application of the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence for the measurement of the transverse magnetization decay and the extraction of H relaxation times, and the use of field cycling NMR relaxometry for the determination of relaxation times. The microscopic properties determined by TD-NMR experiments were discussed in comparison with the macroscopic properties obtained using equilibrium swelling, moving die rheometer, and calorimetric techniques. The obtained correlations between NMR observables, crosslink density values, maximum torque values, and glass transition temperatures provided insights into the effects of the vulcanization temperature and accelerator/sulfur ratio on the structure of the polymer networks, as well as on the effects of crosslinking on the segmental dynamics of elastomers. and were found to show linear correlations with the crosslink density determined by equilibrium swelling, while depends on the local dynamics of polymer segments related to the glass transition, which is also affected by chemical modifications of the polymer chains occurring during vulcanization.